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1 even fold
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2 even fold
Полиграфия: бесшлейфная фальцовка -
3 even fold
Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > even fold
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4 fold
1. фальц, сгиб; фальцевать, сгибать, складывать2. фальцовкаto fold back — загибать, отгибать в обратную сторону
3. фальцовка гармошкой4. тройной параллельный сгиб листаangle bar fold — продольный сгиб ленты, проведённой через поворотные штанги
5. кассетный фальц6. двойной параллельный сгиб7. двухсгибная параллельная фальцовкаformer fold — вороночный сгиб; сгиб на воронке
8. ножевой фальц9. ножевая фальцовка10. двойной перпендикулярный сгиб листа11. фальцовка тетрадей альбомного типа12. сгиб тетради с образованием шлейфа13. фальцовка со шлейфом14. продольный сгиб15. продольная фальцовка16. кассетный сгибjaw fold — сгиб, образуемый в клапанно-барабанном фальцаппарате
17. кассетная фальцовка18. параллельный сгиб19. параллельная фальцовкаquarter fold — взаимно перпендикулярная фальцовка, фальцовка в 1
ribbon fold — вороночный сгиб ленты, сгиб ленты на воронке
right angle fold — сгиб, перпендикулярный предыдущему
20. единичный сгиб21. односгибная фальцовка22. поперечный сгиб23. поперечная фальцовкаtucker fold — поперечный сгиб, образуемый в клапанном устройстве
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5 fold
1) фальц, сгиб || фальцевать, сгибать, складывать2) фальцовка- fold up- fan fold- jaw fold- lap fold- Z foldАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > fold
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6 even ground
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7 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
8 flat
flæt
1. adjective1) (level; without rise or fall: a flat surface.) llano, plano, liso2) (dull; without interest: She spent a very flat weekend.) monótono3) ((of something said, decided etc) definite; emphatic: a flat denial.) rotundo4) ((of a tyre) not inflated, having lost most of its air: His car had a flat tyre.) desinflado5) ((of drinks) no longer fizzy: flat lemonade; (also adverb) My beer has gone flat.) sin gas6) (slightly lower than a musical note should be: That last note was flat; (also adverb) The choir went very flat.) desafinado
2. adverb(stretched out: She was lying flat on her back.) horizontalmente
3. noun1) ((American apartment) a set of rooms on one floor, with kitchen and bathroom, in a larger building or block: Do you live in a house or a flat?) apartamento2) ((in musical notation) a sign (♭) which makes a note a semitone lower.) bemol3) (a level, even part: the flat of her hand.) plano; palma4) ((usually in plural) an area of flat land, especially beside the sea, a river etc: mud flats.) llano, llanura•- flatly- flatten
- flat rate
- flat out
flat1 adj1. llano / planoa flat roof un tejado plano / una azotea2. desinfladoflat2 n piso / apartamentodo you live in a house or a flat? ¿vives en una casa o en un piso?tr[flæt]1 (level, even) llano,-a, plano,-a; (smooth) liso,-a2 (shallow) llano,-a3 (shoes) sin tacón4 (tyre, ball etc) desinflado,-a5 (battery) descargado,-a6 (drink) sin gas7 figurative use (dull) monótono,-a, soso,-a8 (having single price) fijo,-a9 (firm, absolute, categorical) rotundo,-a10 (exact) justo,-a1 (plain) llano, llanura2 (of hand) palma3 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL bemol nombre masculino4 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (tyre) pinchazo1 (completely) categóricamente2 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL desafinadamente3 (exactly) exactamente1 (low level plain) llano sing\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLand that's flat no hay más que deciras flat as a pancake liso,-a como la palma de la manoflat broke sin blancato be in a flat spin (person) estar hecho,-a un líoto fall flat (joke etc) caer mal, no hacer graciato fall flat on one's face caer de brucesto go flat out ir a toda pastilla, ir a todo gasto lay flat estirar, extenderto play flat / sing flat desafinarflat cap gorraflat racing carreras nombre femenino plural de caballos sin vallasflat spin SMALLAVIATION/SMALL barrenamud flats marismas nombre femenino plural————————tr[flæt]1 (apartment) piso1) flatten: aplanar, achatar2) : bajar de tono (en música)flat adv1) exactly: exactamentein ten minutes flat: en diez minutos exactos2) : desafinado, demasiado bajo (en la música)1) even, level: plano, llano2) smooth: liso3) definite: categórico, rotundo, explícitoa flat refusal: una negativa categórica4) dull: aburrido, soso, monótono (dícese la voz)5) deflated: desinflado, pinchado, ponchado Mex6) : bemol (en música)to sing flat: cantar desafinadoflat n1) plain: llano m, terreno m llano2) : bemol m (en la música)3) apartment: apartamento m, departamento mn.• apartamento s.m. (Drink)adj.n.n.• insípido (Vino) s.m.adj.• bemol adj.• desanimado, -a adj.• deslustrado, -a adj.• empañado, -a adj.• horizontal adj.• insulso, -a adj.• insípido, -a adj.• liso, -a adj.• llano, -a adj.• mate adj.• mocho, -a adj.• monótono, -a adj.• muerto, -a adj.• plano, -a adj.• raso, -a adj.• tendido, -a adj.n.• apartamiento s.m.• bemol s.m.• palma de la mano s.f.• pantano s.m.• piso s.m.• plano s.m.
I flæt1)a) < surface> plano; < countryside> llanohouses with flat roofs — casas fpl con techos planos or con azoteas
I lay down flat and tried to relax — me tumbé or me tendí e intenté relajarme; face I 1) a)
b) < dish> llano, bajo (Chi), playo (RPl)flat shoes — zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)
flat cap o hat — (BrE) gorra f ( de lana con visera)
you have a flat tire o (BrE) tyre — tienes un neumático desinflado or una rueda desinflada or (Méx) una llanta ponchada
2)a) <lemonade/beer> sin efervescencia, sin gasb) < battery> descargado3) (dull, uninteresting) <conversation/party> soso (fam); < joke> sin gracia; < voice> monótonoshe felt a bit flat — estaba un tanto alicaída or baja de moral
to fall flat — \<\<play/project\>\> fracasar*, no ser* bien recibido
4) (total, firm) <denial/refusal> rotundo, categóricothey've said they won't do it and that's flat — han dicho que no lo harán y no hay vuelta de hoja (fam)
5) ( Mus)a) ( referring to key) bemolb) ( too low)7) ( broke) (AmE colloq) (pred)to be flat — estar* pelado (fam)
II
1)a) <refuse/turn down> de plano, categóricamenteb) ( exactly)it took him two hours flat — tardó dos horas justas or exactas
2) ( Mus) demasiado bajo
III
1) ( apartment) (BrE) apartamento m, departamento m (AmL), piso m (Esp)2)a) ( surface - of sword) cara f de la hoja; (- of hand) palma fb) ( level ground) llano m, terreno m llano3) ( Mus) bemol m4) ( Theat) bastidor m5) flats pla) ( low-lying ground) llano mb) ( shoes) (esp AmE) zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)
I [flæt]1. ADJ(compar flatter) (superl flattest)1) (=level) [surface, roof] plano; [countryside] llanohe was flat on his back for a month after the accident — tuvo que guardar cama durante un mes después del accidente
spin•
to fall flat on one's face — (lit) caer(se) de bruces2) (=smooth, even) [road, surface] liso, llanoto smooth sth flat — [+ paper etc] alisar algo
3) (=shallow) [dish] llano; [box] plano4) [foot, shoe] plano; [nose] chato5) (=deflated) [tyre, ball] pinchado, desinfladowe got a flat tyre — se nos pinchó una rueda, se nos ponchó una llanta (Mex)
I had a flat tyre — tenía una rueda pinchada or desinflada, tenía un pinchazo, tenía una ponchada (Mex)
6) (=dull, lifeless) [voice, colour] apagado; [taste, style] soso; [light] sin contraste; [drink] sin burbujas or gas; [battery] descargado•
the atmosphere at the party was a bit flat — el ambiente de la fiesta estaba un poco apagado•
I'm feeling rather flat — estoy un poco deprimido•
she meant it as a joke, but it fell flat — lo dijo de broma, pero nadie le vio la gracia•
the champagne has gone flat — al champán se le ha ido la fuerza or se le han ido las burbujas7) (=inactive) [trade, business] flojosales have been flat this summer — las ventas han estado flojas este verano, no ha habido mucho movimiento de ventas este verano
8) (=outright) [refusal, denial] rotundo, terminante9) (Mus)a) [voice, instrument] desafinadoshe/her singing was flat — desafinaba cantando
b) (of key) bemol10) (=fixed) [rate, fee, charge] fijo11) (Horse racing)12) (=not shiny) (of painted surface) mate, sin brillo2. ADV1) (=absolutely)2) (=outright) [refuse] rotundamente, terminantemente•
I told her flat that she couldn't have it — le dije terminantemente que no se lo podía quedar3) (=exactly)4) (esp Brit)flat out: flat out, the car can do 140mph — cuando pones el coche a toda máquina, llega a las 140 millas por hora
•
to go flat out — ir a toda máquina•
to work flat out (to do sth) — trabajar a toda máquina (para hacer algo)5) (Mus)to play/sing flat — tocar/cantar demasiado bajo, desafinar
3. N1) [of hand] palma f; [of sword] cara f de la hoja2) (Mus) bemol m3) (Aut) pinchazo m, ponchada f (Mex)•
we got a flat — se nos pinchó una rueda, se nos ponchó una llanta (Mex)•
I had a flat — tenía una rueda pinchada or desinflada, tenía un pinchazo, tenía una ponchada (Mex)5) (Theat) bastidor m6) (Horse racing)4.CPDflat cap N — gorra de lana con visera
flat pack N —
it comes in a flat pack — viene en una caja plana para el automontaje; see flat-pack
flat racing N — carreras fpl de caballos sin obstáculos
flat screen N — (TV, Comput) pantalla f plana; see flat-screen
II
[flæt]N (Brit) apartamento m, piso m (Sp), departamento m (LAm)* * *
I [flæt]1)a) < surface> plano; < countryside> llanohouses with flat roofs — casas fpl con techos planos or con azoteas
I lay down flat and tried to relax — me tumbé or me tendí e intenté relajarme; face I 1) a)
b) < dish> llano, bajo (Chi), playo (RPl)flat shoes — zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx)
flat cap o hat — (BrE) gorra f ( de lana con visera)
you have a flat tire o (BrE) tyre — tienes un neumático desinflado or una rueda desinflada or (Méx) una llanta ponchada
2)a) <lemonade/beer> sin efervescencia, sin gasb) < battery> descargado3) (dull, uninteresting) <conversation/party> soso (fam); < joke> sin gracia; < voice> monótonoshe felt a bit flat — estaba un tanto alicaída or baja de moral
to fall flat — \<\<play/project\>\> fracasar*, no ser* bien recibido
4) (total, firm) <denial/refusal> rotundo, categóricothey've said they won't do it and that's flat — han dicho que no lo harán y no hay vuelta de hoja (fam)
5) ( Mus)a) ( referring to key) bemolb) ( too low)7) ( broke) (AmE colloq) (pred)to be flat — estar* pelado (fam)
II
1)a) <refuse/turn down> de plano, categóricamenteb) ( exactly)it took him two hours flat — tardó dos horas justas or exactas
2) ( Mus) demasiado bajo
III
1) ( apartment) (BrE) apartamento m, departamento m (AmL), piso m (Esp)2)a) ( surface - of sword) cara f de la hoja; (- of hand) palma fb) ( level ground) llano m, terreno m llano3) ( Mus) bemol m4) ( Theat) bastidor m5) flats pla) ( low-lying ground) llano mb) ( shoes) (esp AmE) zapatos mpl bajos, zapatillas fpl de piso (Méx) -
9 square
skweə
1. noun1) (a four-sided two-dimensional figure with all sides equal in length and all angles right angles.)2) (something in the shape of this.)3) (an open place in a town, with the buildings round it.)4) (the resulting number when a number is multiplied by itself: 3 × 3, or 32 = 9, so 9 is the square of 3.)
2. adjective1) (having the shape of a square or right angle: I need a square piece of paper; He has a short, square body / a square chin.)2) ((of business dealings, scores in games etc) level, even, fairly balanced etc: If I pay you an extra $5 shall we be (all) square?; Their scores are (all) square (= equal).)3) (measuring a particular amount on all four sides: This piece of wood is two metres square.)4) (old-fashioned: square ideas about clothes.)
3. adverb1) (at right angles, or in a square shape: The carpet is not cut square with the corner.)2) (firmly and directly: She hit him square on the point of the chin.)
4. verb1) (to give a square shape to or make square.)2) (to settle, pay etc (an account, debt etc): I must square my account with you.)3) (to (cause to) fit or agree: His story doesn't square with the facts.)4) (to multiply a number by itself: Two squared is four.)•- squared- squarely
- square centimetre
- metre
- square root
- fair and square
- go back to square one
- a square deal
square1 adj cuadradosquare2 n1. cuadrado / cuadro2. plazatr[skweəSMALLr/SMALL]3 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL cuadrado4 (tool) escuadra5 familiar (old-fashioned person) carroza nombre masulino o femenino; (conservative) carca nombre masulino o femenino1 (in shape) cuadrado,-a; (forming right angle) en ángulo recto, a escuadra2 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL cuadrado,-a4 (equal in points) igual, empatado,-a; (not owing money) en paz5 (tidy) ordenado,-a, en orden6 (old-fashioned) carroza; (conservative) carca1 directamente1 (make square) cuadrar ( with, con)■ he squared his shoulders se puso derecho, sacó el pecho2 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL cuadrar, elevar al cuadrado3 (settle - debts, accounts) saldar, pagar; (- matters) arreglar4 (equalize) empatar■ after a hard struggle they managed to square the match después de luchar mucho consiguieron empatar5 (agree, reconcile) conciliar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLa square peg in a round hole gallina en corral ajenoto be all square with somebody estar en paz con alguiento get a square deal recibir un trato justoto get square with somebody ajustar cuentas con alguiento go back to square one volver al punto de partida, partir de ceroto square the circle cuadrar el círculosquare brackets corchetes nombre masculino pluralsquare dance baile nombre masculino de figurassquare meal comida decente, buena comidasquare metre metro cuadradosquare root raíz nombre femenino cuadrada1) : cuadrar2) : elevar al cuadrado (en matemáticas)3) conform: conciliar (con), ajustar (con)4) settle: saldar (una cuenta)I squared it with him: lo arreglé con él1) : cuadradoa square house: una casa cuadrada2) right-angled: a escuadra, en ángulo recto3) : cuadrado (en matemáticas)a square mile: una milla cuadrada4) honest: justoa square deal: un buen acuerdofair and square: en buena lidsquare n1) : escuadra f (instrumento)2) : cuadrado m, cuadro mto fold into squares: plegar en cuadrados3) : plaza f (de una ciudad)4) : cuadrado m (en matemáticas)adj.• cuadrado (Matemática) adj.• escuadra adj.• glorieta adj.• plaza adj.adv.• honradamente adv.n.• casilla s.f.• cuadrado s.m.• cuadro s.m.• escaque s.m.• escuadra s.f.• plaza s.f.v.• acodar v.• cuadrar v.• elevar al cuadrado (Matemática) v.• escuadrar v.skwer, skweə(r)
I
1)a) ( shape) cuadrado m; ( in fabric design) cuadro mb) (of cloth, paper) (trozo m) cuadrado mc) ( on chessboard) casilla f, escaque m; ( in crossword) casilla fto go back to square one — volver* a empezar desde cero
2) (in town, city) plaza f3) ( Math) cuadrado m4) ( instrument) escuadra f5) ( conventional person) (colloq) soso, -sa m,f (fam), carroza mf (Esp fam), zanahorio, -ria m,f (Col, Ven fam)
II
adjective squarer, squarest1)a) <box/table/block> cuadradob) ( having right angles) <corner/edges> en ángulo recto, a escuadra2) ( Math) (before n) <yard/mile> cuadrado3)a) (fair, honest)to be square WITH somebody — ser* franco con alguien
b) ( large and wholesome) (before n) < meal> decentec) ( even) (pred)the teams were (all) square — los equipos iban empatados or iguales
to get square with somebody — ajustarle las cuentas a alguien
4) ( conventional) (colloq) soso (fam), rígidamente convencional, carroza (Esp fam), zanahorio (Col, Ven fam)
III
he hit me square on the mouth — me dio de lleno en la boca, me dio en plena boca
IV
1.
1) ( make square) \<\<angle/side\>\> cuadrar2) ( Math) elevar al cuadrado3)a) (settle, make even) \<\<debts/accounts\>\> pagar*, saldarb) ( Sport) \<\<match/game\>\> igualarc) ( reconcile) \<\<facts/principles\>\> conciliar
2.
vi \<\<ideas/arguments\>\> concordar*to square WITH something — concordar* or cuadrar con algo
Phrasal Verbs:[skwɛǝ(r)]1. N1) (=shape) cuadrado m, cuadro m ; (on graph paper, chessboard, crossword) casilla f ; (=piece) [of material, paper, chocolate etc] cuadrado m ; (=scarf) pañuelo mto cut into squares — cortar en cuadros or cuadrados
- go back to square one2) (in town) plaza f3) (US) (=block of houses) manzana f, cuadra f (LAm)4) (Math) cuadrado m5) (=drawing instrument) escuadra f6) * (=old-fashioned person)he's a real square — es un carca or un carroza or (Chile) un momio *
2. ADJ1) (in shape) cuadrado- be a square peg in a round hole2) (forming right angle) en ángulo recto, en escuadrato be square with sth — estar en ángulo recto or en escuadra con algo
3) [face, jaw, shoulder] cuadrado4) (Math) cuadradoa square foot/kilometre — un pie/kilómetro cuadrado
5) (=substantial) [meal] decente, como Dios mandait's three days since I had a square meal — hace tres días que no como decentemente or como Dios manda
6) (=fair, honest) justo, equitativo7) (=even)now we're all square — (Sport) ahora vamos iguales or (LAm) parejos, ahora estamos empatados; (financially) ahora estamos en paz
8) * (=conventional) anticuado *, carca *, carroza (Sp) *he's so square — es un carca or un carroza or (Chile) un momio *
3.ADVsquare in the middle — justo en el centro, justo en el medio
fair I, 2., 1)the blow caught him square on the chin — el golpe le dio en plena barbilla or de lleno en la barbilla
4. VT1) (=make square) cuadrar- try to square the circle2) (=settle, reconcile) [+ accounts] ajustar; [+ debts] pagarcan you square it with your conscience? — ¿te lo va a permitir tu conciencia?
3) (Math) elevar al cuadrado5.6.CPDsquare brackets NPL — corchetes mpl
square dance N — cuadrilla f (baile)
Square Mile N —
•
the Square Mile — (in London) la Citysquare rigger N — buque m de vela con aparejo de cruz
SQUARE DANCE Se llama square dance a un baile folklórico tradicional de origen francés en el que cuatro parejas de bailarines se colocan formando un cuadrado. Es un baile muy popular en Estados Unidos y Canadá y a veces se enseña en la escuela. En algunas ocasiones alguien se encarga de explicar los pasos que se han de seguir, de modo que los que no los conocen bien puedan participar. El instrumento musical más utilizado en ellos es el violín, aunque también se usan a veces la guitarra, el banjo o el acordeón.square root N — raíz f cuadrada
* * *[skwer, skweə(r)]
I
1)a) ( shape) cuadrado m; ( in fabric design) cuadro mb) (of cloth, paper) (trozo m) cuadrado mc) ( on chessboard) casilla f, escaque m; ( in crossword) casilla fto go back to square one — volver* a empezar desde cero
2) (in town, city) plaza f3) ( Math) cuadrado m4) ( instrument) escuadra f5) ( conventional person) (colloq) soso, -sa m,f (fam), carroza mf (Esp fam), zanahorio, -ria m,f (Col, Ven fam)
II
adjective squarer, squarest1)a) <box/table/block> cuadradob) ( having right angles) <corner/edges> en ángulo recto, a escuadra2) ( Math) (before n) <yard/mile> cuadrado3)a) (fair, honest)to be square WITH somebody — ser* franco con alguien
b) ( large and wholesome) (before n) < meal> decentec) ( even) (pred)the teams were (all) square — los equipos iban empatados or iguales
to get square with somebody — ajustarle las cuentas a alguien
4) ( conventional) (colloq) soso (fam), rígidamente convencional, carroza (Esp fam), zanahorio (Col, Ven fam)
III
he hit me square on the mouth — me dio de lleno en la boca, me dio en plena boca
IV
1.
1) ( make square) \<\<angle/side\>\> cuadrar2) ( Math) elevar al cuadrado3)a) (settle, make even) \<\<debts/accounts\>\> pagar*, saldarb) ( Sport) \<\<match/game\>\> igualarc) ( reconcile) \<\<facts/principles\>\> conciliar
2.
vi \<\<ideas/arguments\>\> concordar*to square WITH something — concordar* or cuadrar con algo
Phrasal Verbs: -
10 SO
1.[səʊ]adverb1) (by that amount) soas winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es
as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus
so... as — so... wie
there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...
not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.
so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk
and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]
so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele
so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel
the villages are all so much alike — die Dörfer gleichen sich alle so sehr
so much the better — um so besser
not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]
not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal
2) (in that manner) sothis being so — da dem so ist (geh.)
it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da
3) (to such a degree) sothis answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...
so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...
4) (with the intent)so as to — um... zu
so [that] — damit
5) (emphatically) soI'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!
so kind of you! — wirklich nett von Ihnen!
so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!
6) (indeed)It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!
you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch
is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?
and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch
it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich
7) (likewise)so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch
8) (thus) soand so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...
not so! — nein, nein!
9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...
I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon
the teacher said so — der Lehrer hat es gesagt
I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus
I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt
he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt
it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern
there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da
2. conjunctionvery much so — in der Tat; allerdings
(therefore) daherso 'that's what he meant — das hat er also gemeint
so 'there you are! — da bist du also!
so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)
so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)
so you see... — du siehst also...
* * *[səu] 1. adverb1) ((used in several types of sentence to express degree) to this extent, or to such an extent: `The snake was about so long,' he said, holding his hands about a metre apart; Don't get so worried!; She was so pleased with his progress in school that she bought him a new bicycle; They couldn't all get into the room, there were so many of them; He departed without so much as (= without even) a goodbye; You've been so (= very) kind to me!; Thank you so much!) so2) ((used to express manner) in this/that way: As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them; He likes everything to be (arranged) just so (= in one particular and precise way); It so happens that I have to go to an important meeting tonight.) so3) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) das, so, so... daß4) (in the same way; also: `I hope we'll meet again.' `So do I.'; She has a lot of money and so has her husband.) auch5) ((used to express agreement or confirmation) indeed: `You said you were going shopping today.' `So I did, but I've changed my mind.'; `You'll need this book tomorrow, won't you?' `So I will.') tatsächlich2. conjunction((and) therefore: John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor; `So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'; And so they got married and lived happily ever after.) also- academic.ru/68560/so-called">so-called- so-so
- and so on/forth
- or so
- so as to
- so far
- so good
- so that
- so to say/speak* * *so[səʊ, AM soʊ]1. (to an indicated degree) soI'm \so tired [that] I could sleep in this chair ich bin so müde, dass ich hier im Sessel einschlafen könntehe's quite nice, more \so than I was led to believe er ist ganz nett, viel netter als ich angenommen hattehe's not \so stupid as he looks er ist gar nicht so dumm, wie er aussiehtlook, the gap was about \so wide schau mal, die Lücke war ungefähr so großthe table that I liked best was about \so wide der Tisch, der mir am besten gefallen hat, war ungefähr so breit2. (to a great degree)what are you looking \so pleased about? was freut dich denn so [sehr]?your hair is \so soft dein Haar ist so [unglaublich] weichshe's \so beautiful sie ist so [wunder]schönI am \so cold mir ist so kaltI am \so [very] hungry/thirsty ich bin [ja] so hungrig/durstig!, hab ich einen Durst/einen Riesenhunger! famshe's ever \so kind and nice sie ist ja so freundlich und nett!\so fair a face he could not recall ( liter or old) niemals zuvor hatte er ein so liebreizendes Gesicht gesehen literwhat's \so wrong with that? was ist denn daran so falsch?is that why you hate him \so? ist das der Grund, warum du ihn so sehr hasst?and I love you \so und ich liebe dich so sehryou worry \so [much] du machst dir so viele Sorgen3. (in such a way) sowe've \so planned our holiday that the kids will have a lot of fun wir haben unsere Ferien so geplant, dass die Kinder viel Spaß haben werdengently fold in the eggs like \so rühren Sie die Eier auf diese Weise vorsichtig unter4. (perfect)[to be] just \so genau richtig [sein]I want everything just \so ich will, dass alles perfekt istif you don't do things just \so, he comes along and yells at you wenn du nicht alles absolut richtig machst, kommt er und schreit dich an5. (also, likewise) auchI'm hungry as can be and \so are the kids ich habe einen Riesenhunger und die Kinder auch famI've got an enormous amount of work to do — \so have I ich habe jede Menge Arbeit — ich auchI'm allergic to nuts — \so is my brother ich bin gegen Nüsse allergisch — mein Bruder auchI hope they stay together — I hope \so, too ich hoffe, sie bleiben zusammen — das hoffe ich auchI [very much] hope \so! das hoffe ich doch sehr!6. (yes) jashould we get going now? — I should say \so sollen wir jetzt anfangen? — ja, ich finde schoncan I watch television? — I suppose \so darf ich fernsehen? — na gut, meinetwegen [o von mir aus]is this that the correct answer? — I suppose \so ist das die richtige Antwort? — ich glaube schon [o ja]I'm afraid \so ich fürchte jahaha, you don't have a bike — I do \so haha, du hast ja gar kein Fahrrad — hab' ich wohl!8. (that) das\so they say so sagt man\so I believe [das] glaube ich jedenfallsI'm sorry I'm late — \so you should be es tut mir leid, dass ich mich verspätet habe — das will ich auch schwer hoffen... or \so they say/I've heard... so heißt es jedenfalls/das habe ich zumindest gehörtCarla's coming over this summer or \so I've heard Carla kommt diesen Sommer, [das] habe ich jedenfalls gehörtwell then, \so be it also gutI told you \so ich habe es dir ja [o doch] gesagthe looks like James Dean — \so he does er sieht aus wie James Dean — stimmt!is that \so? ist das wahr?, stimmt das?\so it is das stimmtif \so... wenn das so ist...that being \so,... angesichts dieser Tatsache...to be quite \so wirklich stimmen10. (this way, like that) soI'm sure it's better \so ich bin sicher, so ist es besserand \so it was und so kam es dann auchand \so it was that... und so kam es, dass...it \so happened that I was in the area ich war zufällig [gerade] in der Näheand \so forth [or on] und so weiter\so to say [or speak] sozusagen11.▶ \so far \so good so weit, so gut▶ \so long bis dann [o später]▶ \so much for that so viel zum ThemaII. conj1. (therefore) deshalb, daherI couldn't find you \so I left ich konnte dich nicht finden, also bin ich gegangenmy landlord kicked me out and \so I was forced to seek yet another apartment mein Vermieter hat mich rausgeworfen, weshalb ich mir schon wieder eine neue Wohnung suchen musstehe said he wanted to come along, \so I told him that... er sagte, er wolle mitfahren, worauf ich ihm mitteilte, dass...3. (introducing a sentence) also\so we leave on the Thursday wir fahren also an diesem Donnerstag\so that's what he does when I'm not around das macht er also, wenn ich nicht da bin\so where have you been? wo warst du denn die ganze Zeit?\so what's the problem? wo liegt denn das Problem?\so that's that for now das wär's dann fürs Erste fam4. (in order to) damitbe quiet \so she can concentrate sei still, damit sie sich konzentrieren kann5.I'll join the army \so long as you do too ich gehe zum Militär, sofern du auch gehst\so long as he doesn't go too far,... solange er nicht zu weit geht,...that's \so 70's das ist typisch 70er fam* * *abbr S* * *SO abk Br Stationery Office (Amt, das Publikationen der Regierungsstellen herausgibt und für die Verteilung von Büroartikeln an Ministerien und Ämter zuständig ist)* * *1.[səʊ]adverb1) (by that amount) soas winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es
as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus
so... as — so... wie
there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...
not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.
so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk
so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit
and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]
so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele
so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel
so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht
not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]
not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal
2) (in that manner) sothis being so — da dem so ist (geh.)
it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da
3) (to such a degree) sothis answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...
so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...
so as to — um... zu
so [that] — damit
5) (emphatically) soI'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!
so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!
6) (indeed)It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!
you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch
is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?
and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch
it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich
7) (likewise)so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch
8) (thus) soand so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...
not so! — nein, nein!
9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...
I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon
I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus
I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt
he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt
it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern
there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da
2. conjunctionvery much so — in der Tat; allerdings
(therefore) daherso that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)
so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)
so you see... — du siehst also...
* * *adv.also adv.daher adv.demnach adv.so adv. -
11 so
1.[səʊ]adverb1) (by that amount) soas winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es
as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus
so... as — so... wie
there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...
not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.
so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk
and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]
so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele
so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel
the villages are all so much alike — die Dörfer gleichen sich alle so sehr
so much the better — um so besser
not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]
not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal
2) (in that manner) sothis being so — da dem so ist (geh.)
it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da
3) (to such a degree) sothis answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...
so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...
4) (with the intent)so as to — um... zu
so [that] — damit
5) (emphatically) soI'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!
so kind of you! — wirklich nett von Ihnen!
so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!
6) (indeed)It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!
you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch
is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?
and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch
it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich
7) (likewise)so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch
8) (thus) soand so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...
not so! — nein, nein!
9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...
I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon
the teacher said so — der Lehrer hat es gesagt
I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus
I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt
he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt
it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern
there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da
2. conjunctionvery much so — in der Tat; allerdings
(therefore) daherso 'that's what he meant — das hat er also gemeint
so 'there you are! — da bist du also!
so that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)
so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)
so you see... — du siehst also...
* * *[səu] 1. adverb1) ((used in several types of sentence to express degree) to this extent, or to such an extent: `The snake was about so long,' he said, holding his hands about a metre apart; Don't get so worried!; She was so pleased with his progress in school that she bought him a new bicycle; They couldn't all get into the room, there were so many of them; He departed without so much as (= without even) a goodbye; You've been so (= very) kind to me!; Thank you so much!) so2) ((used to express manner) in this/that way: As you hope to be treated by others, so you must treat them; He likes everything to be (arranged) just so (= in one particular and precise way); It so happens that I have to go to an important meeting tonight.) so3) ((used in place of a word, phrase etc previously used, or something previously stated) as already indicated: `Are you really leaving your job?' `Yes, I've already told you / said so'; `Is she arriving tomorrow?' `Yes, I hope so'; If you haven't read the notice, please do so now; `Is that so (= true)?' `Yes, it's really so'; `Was your father angry?' `Yes, even more so than I was expecting - in fact, so much so that he refused to speak to me all day!) das, so, so... daß4) (in the same way; also: `I hope we'll meet again.' `So do I.'; She has a lot of money and so has her husband.) auch5) ((used to express agreement or confirmation) indeed: `You said you were going shopping today.' `So I did, but I've changed my mind.'; `You'll need this book tomorrow, won't you?' `So I will.') tatsächlich2. conjunction((and) therefore: John had a bad cold, so I took him to the doctor; `So you think you'd like this job, then?' `Yes.'; And so they got married and lived happily ever after.) also- academic.ru/68560/so-called">so-called- so-so
- and so on/forth
- or so
- so as to
- so far
- so good
- so that
- so to say/speak* * *so[səʊ, AM soʊ]1. (to an indicated degree) soI'm \so tired [that] I could sleep in this chair ich bin so müde, dass ich hier im Sessel einschlafen könntehe's quite nice, more \so than I was led to believe er ist ganz nett, viel netter als ich angenommen hattehe's not \so stupid as he looks er ist gar nicht so dumm, wie er aussiehtlook, the gap was about \so wide schau mal, die Lücke war ungefähr so großthe table that I liked best was about \so wide der Tisch, der mir am besten gefallen hat, war ungefähr so breit2. (to a great degree)what are you looking \so pleased about? was freut dich denn so [sehr]?your hair is \so soft dein Haar ist so [unglaublich] weichshe's \so beautiful sie ist so [wunder]schönI am \so cold mir ist so kaltI am \so [very] hungry/thirsty ich bin [ja] so hungrig/durstig!, hab ich einen Durst/einen Riesenhunger! famshe's ever \so kind and nice sie ist ja so freundlich und nett!\so fair a face he could not recall ( liter or old) niemals zuvor hatte er ein so liebreizendes Gesicht gesehen literwhat's \so wrong with that? was ist denn daran so falsch?is that why you hate him \so? ist das der Grund, warum du ihn so sehr hasst?and I love you \so und ich liebe dich so sehryou worry \so [much] du machst dir so viele Sorgen3. (in such a way) sowe've \so planned our holiday that the kids will have a lot of fun wir haben unsere Ferien so geplant, dass die Kinder viel Spaß haben werdengently fold in the eggs like \so rühren Sie die Eier auf diese Weise vorsichtig unter4. (perfect)[to be] just \so genau richtig [sein]I want everything just \so ich will, dass alles perfekt istif you don't do things just \so, he comes along and yells at you wenn du nicht alles absolut richtig machst, kommt er und schreit dich an5. (also, likewise) auchI'm hungry as can be and \so are the kids ich habe einen Riesenhunger und die Kinder auch famI've got an enormous amount of work to do — \so have I ich habe jede Menge Arbeit — ich auchI'm allergic to nuts — \so is my brother ich bin gegen Nüsse allergisch — mein Bruder auchI hope they stay together — I hope \so, too ich hoffe, sie bleiben zusammen — das hoffe ich auchI [very much] hope \so! das hoffe ich doch sehr!6. (yes) jashould we get going now? — I should say \so sollen wir jetzt anfangen? — ja, ich finde schoncan I watch television? — I suppose \so darf ich fernsehen? — na gut, meinetwegen [o von mir aus]is this that the correct answer? — I suppose \so ist das die richtige Antwort? — ich glaube schon [o ja]I'm afraid \so ich fürchte jahaha, you don't have a bike — I do \so haha, du hast ja gar kein Fahrrad — hab' ich wohl!8. (that) das\so they say so sagt man\so I believe [das] glaube ich jedenfallsI'm sorry I'm late — \so you should be es tut mir leid, dass ich mich verspätet habe — das will ich auch schwer hoffen... or \so they say/I've heard... so heißt es jedenfalls/das habe ich zumindest gehörtCarla's coming over this summer or \so I've heard Carla kommt diesen Sommer, [das] habe ich jedenfalls gehörtwell then, \so be it also gutI told you \so ich habe es dir ja [o doch] gesagthe looks like James Dean — \so he does er sieht aus wie James Dean — stimmt!is that \so? ist das wahr?, stimmt das?\so it is das stimmtif \so... wenn das so ist...that being \so,... angesichts dieser Tatsache...to be quite \so wirklich stimmen10. (this way, like that) soI'm sure it's better \so ich bin sicher, so ist es besserand \so it was und so kam es dann auchand \so it was that... und so kam es, dass...it \so happened that I was in the area ich war zufällig [gerade] in der Näheand \so forth [or on] und so weiter\so to say [or speak] sozusagen11.▶ \so far \so good so weit, so gut▶ \so long bis dann [o später]▶ \so much for that so viel zum ThemaII. conj1. (therefore) deshalb, daherI couldn't find you \so I left ich konnte dich nicht finden, also bin ich gegangenmy landlord kicked me out and \so I was forced to seek yet another apartment mein Vermieter hat mich rausgeworfen, weshalb ich mir schon wieder eine neue Wohnung suchen musstehe said he wanted to come along, \so I told him that... er sagte, er wolle mitfahren, worauf ich ihm mitteilte, dass...3. (introducing a sentence) also\so we leave on the Thursday wir fahren also an diesem Donnerstag\so that's what he does when I'm not around das macht er also, wenn ich nicht da bin\so where have you been? wo warst du denn die ganze Zeit?\so what's the problem? wo liegt denn das Problem?\so that's that for now das wär's dann fürs Erste fam4. (in order to) damitbe quiet \so she can concentrate sei still, damit sie sich konzentrieren kann5.I'll join the army \so long as you do too ich gehe zum Militär, sofern du auch gehst\so long as he doesn't go too far,... solange er nicht zu weit geht,...that's \so 70's das ist typisch 70er fam* * *abbr S* * *so1 [səʊ]A adv1. (meist vor adj und adv) so, dermaßen:so great a man ein so großer Mann;I am so glad ich freue mich (ja) so;you are so right ganz richtig3. so (…, dass):4. so, in dieser Weise:so it is (genau) so ist es, stimmt;is that so? wirklich?;so as to sodass, um zu;so that sodass;or so etwa, oder so;in an hour or so so in einer Stunde;why so? warum?, wieso?;how so? wie (kommt) das?;a) es, das:I hope so ich hoffe es;I have never said so das habe ich nie behauptet;I think so ich glaube oder denke schon;I should think so ich denke doch!, das will ich meinen!;what makes you think so? wie kommst du denn da drauf?;I told you so ich habe es dir ja (gleich) gesagtb) auch:you are tired and so am I du bist müde und ich (bin es) auch;I am stupid - so you are allerdings(, das bist du)!6. also:so you came after all du bist also doch (noch) gekommen;so what? umg na und?, na wenn schon?B konj daher, folglich, deshalb, also, und so, so … denn:he was ill, so they were quiet er war krank, deshalb waren sie ruhig;it was necessary, so we did it es war nötig, und so taten wir es (denn)so2 [səʊ] → sol2* * *1.[səʊ]adverb1) (by that amount) soas winter draws near, so it gets darker — je näher der Winter rückt, desto dunkler wird es
as fast as the water poured in, so we bailed it out — in dem Maße, wie das Wasser eindrang, schöpften wir es heraus
so... as — so... wie
there is nothing so fine as... — es gibt nichts Schöneres als...
not so [very] difficult/easy — etc. nicht so schwer/leicht usw.
so beautiful a present — so ein schönes Geschenk; ein so schönes Geschenk
so far — bis hierher; (until now) bisher; bis jetzt; (to such a distance) so weit
and so on [and so forth] — und so weiter [und so fort]
so many — so viele; (unspecified number) soundso viele
so much — so viel; (unspecified amount) soundso viel
so much for him/his plans — (that is all) das wärs, was ihn/seine Pläne angeht
not so much... as — weniger... als [eher]
not so much as — (not even) [noch] nicht einmal
2) (in that manner) sothis being so — da dem so ist (geh.)
it so happened that he was not there — er war [zufällig] gerade nicht da
3) (to such a degree) sothis answer so provoked him that... — diese Antwort provozierte ihn so od. derart, dass...
so much so that... — so sehr, dass...; das geht/ging so weit, dass...
so as to — um... zu
so [that] — damit
5) (emphatically) soI'm so glad/tired! — ich bin ja so froh/müde!
so sorry! — (coll.) Entschuldigung!; Verzeihung!
6) (indeed)It's a rainbow! - So it is! — Es ist ein Regenbogen! - Ja, wirklich!
you said it was good, and so it was — du sagtest, es sei gut, und so war es auch
is that so? — so? (ugs.); wirklich?
and so he did — und das machte/tat er [dann] auch
it may be so, possibly so — [das ist] möglich
7) (likewise)so am/have/would/could/will/do I — ich auch
8) (thus) soand so it was that... — und so geschah es, dass...
not so! — nein, nein!
9) (replacing clause, phrase, word)he suggested that I should take the train, and if I had done so,... — er riet mir, den Zug zu nehmen, und wenn ich es getan hätte,...
I'm afraid so — leider ja; ich fürchte schon
I suppose so — ich nehme an (ugs.); expr. reluctant agreement wenn es sein muss; granting grudging permission von mir aus
I told you so — ich habe es dir [ja] gesagt
he is a man of the world, so to say or speak — er ist sozusagen ein Mann von Welt
it will take a week or so — es wird so ungefähr (ugs.) od. etwa eine Woche dauern
there were twenty or so people — es waren so (ugs.) um die zwanzig Leute da
2. conjunctionvery much so — in der Tat; allerdings
(therefore) daherso that's 'that — (coll.) (it's done) [al]so, das wars (ugs.); (it's over) das wars also (ugs.); (everything has been taken care of) das wärs dann (ugs.)
so 'there! — [und] fertig!; [und damit] basta! (ugs.)
so you see... — du siehst also...
* * *adv.also adv.daher adv.demnach adv.so adv. -
12 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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13 yarn
пряжа; нить, нитка || pl 1. пряжа; 2. каболка (канатная или верёвочная пряжа) @abraded yarn 1. истёртая пряжа; 2. ворсованная пряжа; 3. филаментарная искусствення пряжа с наждачной обработкой (для придания шерстистости) @acetate yarn ацетатная пряжа @acetate yarn type C ацетатная пряжа типа С; ацетатная штапельная ошерстнённая пряжа @acetate yarn type F ацетатная пряжа типа F; ацетатная фасонная пряжа @Alapat yarn пряжа "алапат" (из кокосового волокна в два сложения) @Alaska yarn гребенная пряжа "аляска" (из смеси хлопка и шерсти) @alginate yarn альгинатная искусственная пряжа, пряжа из альгината кальция морских водорослей (растворяющаяся в мыльном растворе) @alpaca yarn пряжа из шерсти "альпага" @American type yarn пряжа из хлопка американских семян @angola yarn аппаратная пряжа "ангола" (из смеси шерсти с хлопком) @Angora yarn пряжа из ангорской шерсти @asbestos yarn 1. асбестовая пряжа; 2. нить из смеси асбестового волокна с другими волокнами с сердцевиной из проволоки; 3. нить из смеси асбестового волокна с другими волокнами с сердцевиной из хлопчатобумажной пряжи @asbestos yarn with brass core асбестовая нить с сердцевиной из латунной проволоки @asbestos yarn with cotton core асбестовая нить с сердцевиной из хлопчатобумажной пряжи @back yarn 1. грунтовая основная пряжа; 2. изнаночная пряжа @backing yarn 1. коренная основная пряжа; 2. изнаночная пряжа @backing yarn in carpet коренная основная ковровая пряжа @bag yarn 1. мешочная пряжа; 2. пряжа низкого номера @barchant yarn пряжа угарного прядения @barege yarn барежевая пряжа @bastard yarn 1. нестандартная пряжа; 2. пряжа с промежуточной круткой @bay yarn 1. гарус; 2. шерстяная пряжа @bead yarn бисерная нитка @belting yarn 1. пряжа для ремённого ткачества; 2. пряжа для выработки ткани "бельтинг"; 3. пряжа низкого номера @bi-crepe yarn пряжа креповой крутки в два сложения @bi-fiber yarn 1. пряжа из смеси двух разнородных видов волокна; 2. полушерстяная пряжа @bleached yarn отбелённая пряжа @blended yarn пряжа из смешанного волокна @boiled yarn отваренная пряжа @botany yarn высокосортная шерстяная гребенная пряжа (60-го качества и выше) @bottom-heald yarn нижняя часть нитяного галева @boucle yarn пряжа "буклё" (фасонной крутки) @bourette silk yarn буретная шёлковая пряжа (из очёсков) @boxed yarn упакованная пряжа @braiding yarn плетельная пряжа; басонная пряжа @brass bobbin yarn шпулечная пряжа (для гардинно-тюлевых изделий) @bright yarn блестящая пряжа; глянцевая пряжа @bright-lustre yarn глянцевая пряжа @brilliant yarn 1. металлизованная нить; 2. мишура; 3. пряжа, скрученная из тонкой металлической проволоки с хлопчатобумажной или шерстяной нитью @bulk no-stretch yarn объёмная неэластичная пряжа @bulk stretch yarn объёмная эластичная пряжа @bulked yarn @bulky yarn 1. высокообъёмная синтетическая пряжа; 2. пушистая пряжа @bump yarn угарная пряжа низкого номера @bump fancy yarn фасонная шишковидная пряжа @bundle yarn льняная пряжа в мотках @burmilized yarn высокообъёмная эластичная синтетическая пряжа @button yarn фасонная узелковая пряжа @cable yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа кордного кручения || pl каболка @cabled yarn многокруточная пряжа @cable-laid yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа кордного кручения || pl каболка @camel-hair yarn пряжа из верблюжьей шерсти @camlet yarn камлотовая пряжа @cap-spun yarn пряжа, спряденная на колпачной прядильной машине @cap-twisted yarn пряжа, скрученная на колпачной крутильной машине @carded yarn кардная пряжа, пряжа кардного прочёса @carded cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная кардная пряжа @carded knitting yarn трикотажная кардная пряжа @carded ply yarn кручёная кардная пряжа @carded wool yarn шерстяная аппаратная пряжа @carded worsted yarn шерстяная полугребенная пряжа @carpet yarn ковровая пряжа @carpet filling yarn ковровая уточная пряжа @Cashmere yarn пряжа из кашмирской шерсти @Cashmere hosiery yarn чулочно-трикотажная пряжа из кашмирской шерсти @cellucord yarn фирм. "целлукорд" (пластифицированная пряжа) @cellulose yarn целлюлозная пряжа @cellulose acetate filament yarn ацетатный шёлк @chafed yarn пряжа пониженной прочности вследствие истирания в процессе переработки @chain yarn 1. основная пряжа; 2. коренная основная пряжа; 3. пряжа фасонной крутки @chenille yarn 1. шенильная пряжа; синелька; 2. шерстяная гребенная трикотажная пряжа "букле" @cheviot woolen yarn шевиотовая пряжа; аппаратная пряжа из кроссбредной и полугрубой шерсти @China grass yarn пряжа из волокна рами @chlorinated yarn хлорированная шерстяная пряжа @cloud yarn двухцветная пряжа в два сложения фасонной крутки @coarse yarn 1. пряжа низкого номера; 2. толстая нить @coated yarn нить, покрытая латексом @cockled yarn пряжа с сукрутинами (порок); пряжа с краксами (порок) @cocoa-nut fiber yarn пряжа из волокна кокосового ореха @coir yarn пряжа из волокна кокосового ореха @color-blend yarn меланжевая пряжа @colored yarn крашеная пряжа; цветная пряжа @colored mixture yarn меланжевая цветная пряжа @colored spun yarn штапельная пряжа из крашеного волокна @colored twist yarn кручёная цветная пряжа @combed yarn гребенная пряжа, пряжа гребенного прочёса @combed cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная гребенная пряжа @combed hosiery yarn трикотажная гребенная пряжа @combed ply yarn кручёная гребенная пряжа @combination yarn комбинированная пряжа (из нитей разного качества) @commercial yarn рыночная пряжа @composite yarn 1. пряжа из неоднородного волокна; 2. смешанная пряжа @compound yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. фасонная пряжа @condensed yarn аппаратная пряжа, пряжа аппаратного прядения; угарная пряжа, пряжа угарного прядения @condenser yarn угарная пряжа @condenser cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @conditioned yarn кондиционированная пряжа @continuous filament yarn 1. пряжа из элементарных волокон; 2. филаментарная пряжа @continuously spun yarn 1. пряжа непрерывного процесса химического прядения и отделки; 2. пряжа из химического волокна поточного производства (от раствора до пряжи) @cop yarn пряжа на початках @cop-and-cop yarn кручёная пряжа из двух нитей разного качества, комбинированная кручёная пряжа @cop-dyed yarn пряжа, окрашенная на початках @coral yarn перчаточная двухниточная пряжа "корал" (высокой крутки) @cordon yarn 1. трикотажная пряжа "кордон" (из хлопка и аппаратной или угарной шерсти); 2. полушерстяная кручёная пряжа "двунитка" (из хлопчатобумажной и шерстяной пряжи) @cordonnet yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа "кордонэ" (для трикотажа и вышивания); 2. хлопчатобумажная гребенная кручёная пряжа низкого номера @core yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить (из жилки и шёлковой обмотки); 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью @corkscrew yarn 1. штопорная пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная штопорная пряжа @corkscrewed yarn перекрученная пряжа (порок) @cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная пряжа @cotton shoddy yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @cotton waste yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @covered yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить; 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью @creamed yarn варёная и частично отбелённая пряжа @crepe yarn креповая пряжа, пряжа креповой крутки @crepe silk yarn 1. креповая шёлковая пряжа, креп; 2. кручёный шёлк высокой крутки @crewel yarn вязальная пряжа из кроссбредной шерсти @crimp yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа; извитая пряжа @crimped yarn извитая пряжа @crinkled yarn извитая пряжа @crinkled nylon yarn извитая найлоновая пряжа @crochet yarn 1. вязальная пряжа; 2. кышивальная нитка @cross-blended yarn пряжа из смешанного волокна @cross-bred yarn пряжа из кроссбредной шерсти @cross-reeled yarn пряжа на паковках крестовой мотки @crystal yarn пряжа "кристалл" (из блестящего ацетатного волокна) @C. S. yarn фирм. нить "С. S." (вискозная филаментарная) @cuprammonium yarn медно-аммиачный шёлк @cuprammonium filament yarn медно-аммиачный шёлк @curl yarn @curled yarn 1. фасонная петлистая пряжа; 2. пряжа с сукрутинами (порок) @cut yarn пряжа с пересечками, пряжа с толстыми и тонкими пропусками, переслежистая пряжа (порок) @cut-rubber yarn резиновая жилка (из листовой резины) @degummed silk yarn обесклеенная шёлковая пряжа @delicate yarn 1. тонкая пряжа; 2. пряжа невысокой прочности @demi-dry flax yarn льняная пряжа полусухого прядения @demi-lustre worsted yarn пряжа из полублестящей или полуглянцевой гребенной шерсти @diamond yarn пряжа фасонной ромбоидальной крутки @direct-spun yarn штапельная пряжа однопроцессного прядения из жгута @dirty yarn 1. загрязнённая или замасленная пряжа; 2. хлопчатобумажная пряжа, засорённая галочками @discontinuous filament yarn штапельная пряжа @double-colored twist yarn пряжа "мулине" @doubled yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. трощёная пряжа @double-spun yarn пряжа двойного кручения @double-throw yarn кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @drawn yarn синтетическая пряжа, подвергнутая вытягиванию @dry-doubled yarn пряжа сухого кручения @dry-spun yarn пряжа сухого прядения @dull yarn матированная пряжа @dyed yarn 1. крашеная пряжа; 2. меланжевая пряжа @effect yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @Egyptian cotton yarn пряжа из тонковолокнистого хлопка египетских семян @eider yarn трикотажная пряжа из тонкой мериносовой шерсти @elastic yarn 1. эластичная нить; 2. резиновая жилка, обмотанная пряжей @electrical yarn электроизоляционная пряжа @embroidery yarn вышивальная пряжа; вышивальная нитка @even yarn равномерная пряжа @evenly spun yarn равномерная пряжа @extract wool yarn шерстяная пряжа "экстракт" (из регенерированной или искусственной шерсти) @face yarn лицевая пряжа @factory yarn аппаратная пряжа низкого номера @fancy yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @fancy-doubled yarn пряжа фасонной крутки @fast-dyed yarn прочно окрашенная пряжа @fiber mixture yarn 1. меланжированная пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @fiber-bonded yarn 1. пряжа из проклеенного волокна; 2. проклеенная пряжа @filament yarn 1. пряжа из элементарного волокна; 2. филаментарная нить @filament acetate yarn ацетатный шёлк @filament rayon yarn искусственный шёлк; вискозный шёлк; медно-аммиачный шёлк @filling yarn уточная пряжа; уточная нить, уточина @fine yarn пряжа высокого номера; тонкая нить @fine-worsted yarn гребенная пряжа из мериносовой шерсти среднего качества @fingering yarn пряжа для ручного вязания @fish-net yarn пряжа для рыболовных сетей сетевязальная нитка @flake yarn фасонная хлопьевидная двухниточная пряжа (с отрезками ленты) @flake fancy yarn фасонная хлопьевидная двухниточная пряжа (с отрезками ленты) @flame yarn 1. палёная пряжа; 2. двухцветная пряжа; разноцветная пряжа @flannelette yarn пряжа для фланелета, пряжа для тонкой фланели @flat yarn малокручёная нить; пряжа низкой крутки @flat crepe yarn малокручёная креповая пряжа @flax yarn льняная пряжа @flax-fine yarn пряжа льняной системы прядения @fleecy yarn подкладная нить @floret yarn полушёлковая кручёная нить (из шёлковой флоретной и хлопчатобумажной пряжи) @floss-silk yarn 1. шёлковые отходы (из дефектных коконов); 2. вышивальный шёлк @fluffy yarn 1. ворсистая пряжа; 2. пушистая пряжа @flyer-spun worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа с рогульчатой прядильной машины @foggy yarn загрязнённая пряжа @folded yarn кручёная пряжа @four-fold yarn пряжа в четыре сложения, четырёхниточная пряжа @French-spun yarn камвольная пряжа французской системы прядения, тонкогребенная шерстяная пряжа @frieze yarn 1. фасонная ратиновая пряжа; 2. фасонная ковровая пряжа @frill yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа @frosted yarn крашеная пряжа с меланжевым эффектом (из смеси хлопка и ацетатного штапельного волокна) @frotte yarn 1. пряжа "фротте"; 2. пряжа для махровой ткани @full-white yarn пряжа полной отбелки @fur-blend yarn пряжа с примесью меха @furnishing yarn пряжа для мебельной и декоративной ткани @galette yarn шёлковая пряжа из дефектных коконов @gassed yarn палёная пряжа @gelatin yarn желатиновая нить @genapped yarn камвольная кручёная палёная пряжа @gimp yarn 1. фасонная штопорная пряжа; 2. позументная нить @glace yarn лощёная пряжа "глясе" @glazed yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нить @gorilla yarn фасонная пряжа с толстыми шишками @grandrelle yarn кручёная двухцветная пряжа "грандрель" @green yarn 1. пряжа из нечёсаного джута; 2. небелёная льняная пряжа @grege yarn смешанная пряжа из шёлка и шерсти @greige yarn суровая пряжа @grenadine yarn шёлковая кручёная основная пряжа "гренадин" @gray yarn суровая пряжа @griseille yarn угарная полушерстяная пряжа "гризель" @ground yarn грунтовая основная пряжа @guanaco yarn пряжа из шерсти "гуанако" @gummed yarn шлихтованная пряжа @hackled jute yarn джутовая чёсаная пряжа @hairy yarn 1. ворсистая пряжа; 2. нить шёлка-сырца с усами (порок) @half-blood wool yarn кроссбредная шерстяная пряжа @half-dry spun flax yarn льняная пряжа полусухого прядения @half-white yarn полубелёная пряжа @half-wool yarn полушерстяная пряжа @half-worsted yarn шерстяная пряжа полугребенного прочёса @hand-spun yarn пряжа ручного прядения @hank yarn пряжа в мотках @hard-twisted yarn пряжа высокой крутки @harvest yarn сноповязальный шпагат @heald yarn ремизная нить (для галев) @heart yarn 1. стержневая нить пряжи; 2. жилка; 3. сердечник каната @heather yarn 1. пряжа из разноцветных нитей; 2. меланжевая пряжа @heavy yarn пряжа низкого номера @heavy filling yarn утолщённая уточная нить || pl поперечная полосатость (вследствие неравномерного утка) @Helanka yarn фирм. "хеланка" (найлоновая извитая нить) @hemp yarn пеньковая пряжа @hessian yarn джутовая пряжа @hibulk acrylic yarn высокообъёмная полиакрилонитрильная пряжа @high-bulk yarn высокообъёмная пряжа @high-tenacity yarn пряжа особо высокой прочности (для автомобильных покрышек и технотканых изделий) @hollow filament yarn пустотелая филаментарная нить @home-spun yarn кустарная пряжа @horsehair yarn пряжа из конского волоса @hosiery yarn трикотажная пряжа; чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @immune yarn нейтральная, пряжа (не накрашивающаяся обычными для данного волокна красителями) @ingrain yarn меланжевая трикотажная пряжа @iron yarn пряжа с жёсткой глянцевой отделкой (для шляп и подкладочного материала) @irregular yarn неравномерная пряжа @jumbo yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная уточная пряжа @jute yarn джутовая пряжа @jute tow yarn очёсковая джутовая пряжа @kink yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа @kinky yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа @Knickerbocker's yarn фасонная пряжа с разноцветными узелками из набивной шерстяной ленты @knitting yarn трикотажная пряжа; чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @knop yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @knoted yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @knotless yarn пряжа без узелков (со склеенными концами) @knotty yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @lace yarn кручёная пряжа для кружевных и гардинно-тюлевых изделий @lamb's-wool yarn аппаратная трикотажная пряжа из поярковой шерсти @laminette yarn мишурная нить, канитель @Lancashire-spun union yarn полушерстяная пряжа хлопчатобумажной системы прядения @large-loop textured yarn структурная или фасонная пряжа с длинными завитками @lea yarn 1. льняная пряжа высокого номера; 2. пряжа в пасмах @leading yarn 1. грунтовая основная пряжа; 2. ведущая нить (приводящая в движение отделочный барабан прядильного комбайна) @lean yarn пряжа с тонкими пропусками (порок) @lea-reeled yarn пряжа в пасмах @left-hand twisted yarn пряжа левой крутки S @line yarn тонкая прочная нить @linen yarn льняная пряжа (высокого номера) @lisle yarn фильдекосовая или фильдеперсовая пряжа @list yarns кромочные нити @lively yarn 1. пряжа нефиксированной или нестабилизированной крутки; 2. завивающаяся (при смачивании) креповая пряжа @llama yarn пряжа из шерсти ламы @loaded silk yarn привесной или утяжелённый шёлк @lock yarn пряжа "букле" @lofty yarn упругая высококачественная пряжа @loop yarn 1. фасонная петлистая пряжа; 2. пряжа "букле"; 3. пряжа с сукрутинами (порок) @loosely spun yarn слабая пряжа; рыхлая пряжа @loosely twisted yarn пряжа низкой крутки @lustre yarn блестящая пряжа; глянцевая пряжа; лощёная нитка @lustre woolen yarn аппаратная блестящая пряжа @lustre worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная блестящая пряжа @lustred yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нитка @machine-spun yarn пряжа механического прядения @manifold yarn 1. трощёная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @man-made yarn пряжа из искусственного волокна @marl yarn пряжа из двухцветной ровницы (контрастных цветов) @mass-pigmented yarn нить из окрашенной прядильной массы @medium yarn пряжа среднего номера @medium warp yarn хлопчатобумажная основная пряжа "медио" @melange yarn меланжевая пряжа @mending yarn штопальная нитка, нитка-штопка @mercerized yarn мерсеризованная пряжа @merino yarn 1. пряжа из мериносовой шерсти; 2. полушерстяная пряжа @merino hosiery yarn полушерстяная чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @metal-coated yarn пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metallic yarn 1. металлическая нить; 2. пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metallic asbestos yarn асбестовая пряжа с металлической стержневой нитью, асбестовая армированная пряжа @metallized yarn пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metlon yarn фирм. "метлон" (декоративная алюминиевая нить с прозрачной плёнкой) @metlon-mylar yarn фирм. "метлон-милар" (декоративная алюминиевая нить с полиэфирной плёнкой) @mill-spun yarn пряжа механического прядения @mingled yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixed yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture-colored yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture-worsted yarn камвольная пряжа из смешанного волокна @mock-twist yarn пряжа ложной крутки @mock-voile yarn однониточная вуалевая пряжа @mock-worsted yarn шерстяная полугребенная пряжа @mohair yarn пряжа из ангорской шерсти @monofilament yarn 1. моноволокно; 2. одноволоконная нить @moquette yarn пряжа "мокет" @moss yarn шерстяная ворсистая вышивальная пряжа @motor tire yarn пряжа для автомобильных покрышек @mottle yarn крапчатая кручёная пряжа (из двух нитей контрастных цветов) @mouline yarn пряжа "мулине" @mule-spun yarn пряжа с прядильной машины периодического действия, мюльная пряжа @multifilament yarn многоволоконная пряжа @multifilament rayon yarn многоволоконный искусственный шёлк @multi folded yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @multiple yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @multiple ply yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @mungo yarn пряжа "мунго" (из регенерированной шерсти) @muslin yarn хлопчатобумажная муслиновая пряжа (среднего и высокого номера) @nascent yarn свежеспряденная нить (химического прядения) @natural gray yarn 1. шерстяная суровая пряжа (некрашеная); 2. шерстяная пряжа природной окраски (чёрная, коричневая, серая) @netting yarn сетевязальная нитка @nicked yarn пряжа с пересечками (порок) @nop yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @no-throw silk yarn шёлковая отлогая пряжа @no-twist yarn некручёная пряжа @novelty yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @nub yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @nubby yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @nylon yarn найлоновая пряжа; найлоновая нить @off-shade yarn разнооттеночная пряжа (порок вследствие грязной шлихты или плохой смески хлопка) @oiled yarn замасленная пряжа @oil-spun worsted yarn пряжа из замасленной гребенной ленты @onde yarn волнистая или извитая пряжа @one-ply yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @one-throw yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @open-band yarn пряжа правой крутки Z @ordinary yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @ordinary warp yarn одиночная или однониточная основная пряжа @overgassed yarn перепалённая пряжа @overspun yarn пряжа завышенного номера (не соответствующего качеству волокна) @paper yarn 1. бумажная пряжа; 2. бумажный шпагат @phosphorescent yarn флуоресцирующая пряжа; флуоресцирующая нить @picot yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа "пико" (из тонкой и толстой нитей) @pigmented yarn 1. пигментированная пряжа; 2. матовая пряжа @pile yarn ворсовая пряжа @pinched yarn пряжа с тонкими пропусками (порок) @plain yarn пряжа обычной крутки @plain asbestos yarn простая (не армированная) асбестовая нить @plastic-coated yarn нить с пластмассовым покрытием @plated yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить; 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью; 3. шлихтованная пряжа @plied yarn кручёная пряжа @plied crepe yarn креповая пряжа в два и более сложений @ply yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. трощёная пряжа @ply novelty yarn пряжа фасонной крутки @polished yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нитка @porter yarn кручёная основная джутовая пряжа @pot-spun yarn 1. пряжа центрифугального прядения; 2. искусственный шёлк центрифугального прядения @preparation yarn пряжа угарного прядения @print-cloth yarn пряжа для набивной ткани @printed yarn набивная пряжа @pulp yarn 1. бумажная пряжа; 2. бумажный шпагат @rabbit's hair yarn пряжа из кроличьей шерсти; пряжа из кроличьего пуха @rainbow yarn пряжа "шанжан" @ramie yarn пряжа из волокна рами @random yarn фасонная пряжа с неравномерной оплёткой @random-loops yarn структурная пряжа с беспорядочно расположенными завитками @ratine yarn ратиновая фасонная пряжа @raw yarn суровая пряжа; необработанная пряжа @rayon yarn 1. пряжа из искусственного волокна; 2. искусственный шёлк @rayon-spun yarn пряжа из штапельного волокна @reamy yarn комбинированная фасонная нить (из кручёной пряжи) @reaper yarn сноповязальный шпагат @reavy yarn комбинированная фасонная нить (из кручёной пряжи) @reeled yarn пряжа в мотках @regular yarn равномерная пряжа @reinforced asbestos yarn усиленная асбестовая пряжа (со стержневой нитью); армированная асбестовая пряжа @Reynolds aluminium yarn фирм. "рейнолдс" (алюминиевая декоративная нить с прозрачной плёнкой) @remanufactured yarn пряжа из вторичного или регенерированного сырья @resist-dyed yarn пряжа с резервной расцветкой @ribbon yarn плоская или ленточная пряжа; профилированная нить @right-hand twisted yarn пряжа правой крутки Z @ring-spun yarn пряжа с кольцепрядильной машины @rogue yarn меточная цветная пряжа @rope yarns канатная пряжа, каболка @rubber yarn резиновая нить; жилка @rubber-core yarn 1. резиновая нить; жилка; 2. пряжа с оплетённой жилкой @Saxony woolen yarn 1. саксонская шерстяная гребенная пряжа; 2. аппаратная пряжа из тонкой мериносовой шерсти @schappe-silk yarn пряжа из шёлковых отходов @scrooping yarn скрипящая или хрустящая пряжа @seed yarn фасонная пряжа с непсом ярких цветов @self-blended yarn пряжа из однородной смески @selvage yarn кромочная пряжа || pl кромочные нити @semi-combed yarn полугребенная пряжа @semi-worsted yarn полугребенная шерстяная пряжа @serge yarn саржевая пряжа (из тонкой кроссбредной шерсти) @serge worsted yarn саржевая камвольная пряжа (из тонкой кроссбредной шерсти) @Shetland yarn шетландская меланжевая пряжа @shoddy yarn пряжа из искусственной или регенерированной шерсти @shoddy-mixture yarn 1. шерстяная угарная пряжа; 2. шерстяная пряжа с примесью искусственной или регенерированной шерсти @short-loop textured yarn структурная или фасонная пряжа с короткими завитками @shot yarn мешочная уточная пряжа @silk yarn 1. кручёный шёлк; 2. пряжа из шёлковых отходов @silk-noil yarn буретная шёлковая пряжа (из очёсков) @single yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @single-spun егере yarn одиночная пряжа креповой крутки @sized yarn шлихтованная пряжа @sized silk yarn 1. номерной шёлк-сырец; 2. шёлк определённого номера @skein yarn пряжа в пасмах @slack yarn слабина нити (порок) @slub yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @stubbing yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @slubbing-dyed yarn пряжа, крашенная в ровнице @smooth yarn 1. гладкая пряжа; 2. лощёная нитка @snarl yarn 1. фасонная узелковая пряжа; 2. нить с сукрутинами (порок) @soft yarn 1. пряжа отлогой крутки; рыхлая пряжа; 2. непрокрученная пряжа @soft spun yarn пряжа отлогой крутки @soft twist yarn пряжа отлогой крутки @solid-color yarn 1. одноцветная пряжа; 2. прочноокрашенная пряжа @soluble yarn 1. растворимая пряжа; 2. альгинатная пряжа @sooty yarn пряжа, загрязнённая сажей (дефект опаливания) @speck yarn фасонная пряжа с разноцветными крапинами (из набивной ленты) @spindle-drawn yarn пряжа с машины периодического действия, мюльная пряжа @spindle-point yarn пряжа с веретена @spiral yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа @spiraled yarn 1. синтетическая пряжа из извитых элементарных волокон; 2. фасонная штопорная пряжа @splicing yarn усилительная нить @split yarn оборванная нить в кручёной пряже @spot yarn пряжа фасонной крутки с крапинами @spring yarn эластичная пряжа из извитых элементарных волокон @spun yarn штапельная пряжа @spun estron yarn фирм. штапельная ацетатная пряжа "эстрон" @spun nylon yarn штапельная найлоновая пряжа @spun rayon yarn штапельная вискозная пряжа @spun-down yarn пряжа заниженного номера (не соответствующего качеству волокна) @spun-dyed yarn 1. пряжа из окрашенной массы; 2. синтетическая пряжа из окрашенного расплава @spunized yarn 1. объёмная филаментарная пряжа; 2. нить с термофиксированной извитостью @stocking yarn чулочная пряжа @straight reeled yarn пряжа на паковках параллельной намотки @strained yarn нить с перетяжками (порок) @streaky yarn полосатая пряжа (дефект опаливания) @stretch yarn 1. вытянутая пряжа; 2. эластичная пряжа; 3. термопластичная модифицированная эластичная пряжа @stretched yarn 1. пряжа с пересечками (порок); 2. вытянутая синтетическая пряжа @strip yarn фасонная полосатая нить (из разноцветной пряжи) @striped yarn полосатая пряжа (дефект опаливания) @stuffer-box crimped yarn извитая пряжа с несимметричной извитостью @stumba yarn фирм. "стумба" (шёлковая пряжа низкого номера из оческов) @super combed yarn гребенная пряжа высокого качества @super tire yarn высокопрочная кордная пряжа @supported yarn 1. кручёная пряжа с усилительной нитью; 2. армированная пряжа @synthetic yarn синтетическая пряжа @tambour-work yarn вышивальная пряжа; вышивальная нитка @tapestry yarn гобеленная пряжа @taslan textured yarn фирм. структурная высокообъёмная филаментарная пряжа "таслан" @tek-ja yarn фирм. "текджа" (пряжа из вытянутой и проклеенной хлопковой ленты) @textiline yarn текстилин, бумажная пряжа @textilose yarn текстилоза, бумажная пряжа @textralized yarn высокообъёмная синтетическая пряжа в несколько сложений @textured yarn структурная высокообъёмная пряжа @thick-and-thin yarn 1. фасонная пряжа с периодически повторяющимися утолщениями и утонениями; 2. переслежистая пряжа (порок) @tightly-twisted yarn пряжа высокой крутки @tinsel yarn мишурная декоративная пряжа, канитель @tinted yarn подкрашенная пряжа @top-heald yarn верхняя часть нитяного галева @torque yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа фасонной крутки @tow yarn очёсковая пряжа @trailing yarn ведомая нить (наматываемая на отделочный барабан прядильного комбайна) @triacetate yarn триацетатная нить @tricot yarn трикотажная пряжа @trimmings yarn 1. позументная пряжа; 2. декоративная нить @truffle yarn 1. пряжа фасонной спиральной крутки; 2. позументная нить @tufted yarn 1. фасонная узелковая пряжа; 2. ворсовая пряжа; 3. пряжа с крупными узлами (порок) @tuft-forming yarn ворсовая пряжа; ворсовая нить @twin-ended yarn кручёная пряжа в два сложения; кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @twist yarn кручёная пряжа @twist crimped yarn 1. кручёная извитая пряжа; 2. нить с термофиксированной извитостью @twistless spiraled yarn некручёная извитая пряжа @twitty yarn переслежистая пряжа (порок) @two-fold mixture yarn кручёная меланжевая пряжа в два сложения @two-ply yarn кручёная пряжа в два сложения; кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @tycora yarn фирм. "тайкора" (филаментарная, синтетическая пряжа) @tire-cord yarn пряжа для шинного корда, кордная пряжа @unbleached yarn небелёная пряжа, суровая пряжа @under-conditioned yarn недоувлажнённая пряжа @uneven yarn 1. неравномерная пряжа; 2. переслежистая пряжа (порок) @uniformly spun yarn равномерная пряжа @union yarn 1. смешанная пряжа (из смески разного волокна); 2. полушерстяная пряжа @union twist yarn смешанная кручёная пряжа @unsecured yarn суровая пряжа; непромытая пряжа @unsupported yarn пряжа без усилительной или стержневой нити; неармированная пряжа @unthrown yarn некручёная пряжа @untwisted yarn некручёная пряжа @vicuna yarn пряжа "викуна" (из шерсти ламы-вигони) @vigogne yarn 1. вигоневая пряжа; полушерстяная угарная пряжа; 2. пряжа из шерсти ламы-вигони @vigoureux yarn гребенная пряжа "вигуре" (из набивной ленты) @viscose filament yarn вискозный шёлк @voile yarn пряжа вуалевой крутки @warp yarn основная пряжа @waste yarn угарная пряжа, пряжа угарного прядения; вигоневая пряжа, пряжа вигоневого прядения @water twist yarn хлопчатобумажная основная пряжа с кольцепрядильной машины ватерная основная пряжа @weaving yarn пряжа для ткачества @weft yarn уточная пряжа @weft filling yarn уточная ковровая пряжа @wet-doubled yarn пряжа мокрого кручения @wet-spun yarn пряжа мокрого прядения @wheeling yarn вязальная пряжа в несколько сложений из аппаратной пряжи @wire-inserted yarn нить с проволочной сердцевиной; армированная нить @wire-twisted yarn нить, скрученная с тонкой проволокой, армированная нить @wool yarn шерстяная пряжа @woolen yarn аппаратная пряжа @woolen-spun yarn аппаратная пряжа @worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа; камвольная пряжа @worsted hosiery yarn шерстяная гребенная трикотажная пряжа @worsted weaving yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа; камвольная пряжа @xyloline yarn ксилолин, бумажная пряжа @zephyr yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа "зефир" (низкой крутки) @zipknit yarn фасонная нить, получаемая при роспуске трикотажного полотна @ -
14 yarn
пряжа; нить, нитка || pl 1. пряжа; 2. каболка (канатная или верёвочная пряжа) @abraded yarn 1. истёртая пряжа; 2. ворсованная пряжа; 3. филаментарная искусствення пряжа с наждачной обработкой (для придания шерстистости) @acetate yarn ацетатная пряжа @acetate yarn type C ацетатная пряжа типа С; ацетатная штапельная ошерстнённая пряжа @acetate yarn type F ацетатная пряжа типа F; ацетатная фасонная пряжа @Alapat yarn пряжа "алапат" (из кокосового волокна в два сложения) @Alaska yarn гребенная пряжа "аляска" (из смеси хлопка и шерсти) @alginate yarn альгинатная искусственная пряжа, пряжа из альгината кальция морских водорослей (растворяющаяся в мыльном растворе) @alpaca yarn пряжа из шерсти "альпага" @American type yarn пряжа из хлопка американских семян @angola yarn аппаратная пряжа "ангола" (из смеси шерсти с хлопком) @Angora yarn пряжа из ангорской шерсти @asbestos yarn 1. асбестовая пряжа; 2. нить из смеси асбестового волокна с другими волокнами с сердцевиной из проволоки; 3. нить из смеси асбестового волокна с другими волокнами с сердцевиной из хлопчатобумажной пряжи @asbestos yarn with brass core асбестовая нить с сердцевиной из латунной проволоки @asbestos yarn with cotton core асбестовая нить с сердцевиной из хлопчатобумажной пряжи @back yarn 1. грунтовая основная пряжа; 2. изнаночная пряжа @backing yarn 1. коренная основная пряжа; 2. изнаночная пряжа @backing yarn in carpet коренная основная ковровая пряжа @bag yarn 1. мешочная пряжа; 2. пряжа низкого номера @barchant yarn пряжа угарного прядения @barege yarn барежевая пряжа @bastard yarn 1. нестандартная пряжа; 2. пряжа с промежуточной круткой @bay yarn 1. гарус; 2. шерстяная пряжа @bead yarn бисерная нитка @belting yarn 1. пряжа для ремённого ткачества; 2. пряжа для выработки ткани "бельтинг"; 3. пряжа низкого номера @bi-crepe yarn пряжа креповой крутки в два сложения @bi-fiber yarn 1. пряжа из смеси двух разнородных видов волокна; 2. полушерстяная пряжа @bleached yarn отбелённая пряжа @blended yarn пряжа из смешанного волокна @boiled yarn отваренная пряжа @botany yarn высокосортная шерстяная гребенная пряжа (60-го качества и выше) @bottom-heald yarn нижняя часть нитяного галева @boucle yarn пряжа "буклё" (фасонной крутки) @bourette silk yarn буретная шёлковая пряжа (из очёсков) @boxed yarn упакованная пряжа @braiding yarn плетельная пряжа; басонная пряжа @brass bobbin yarn шпулечная пряжа (для гардинно-тюлевых изделий) @bright yarn блестящая пряжа; глянцевая пряжа @bright-lustre yarn глянцевая пряжа @brilliant yarn 1. металлизованная нить; 2. мишура; 3. пряжа, скрученная из тонкой металлической проволоки с хлопчатобумажной или шерстяной нитью @bulk no-stretch yarn объёмная неэластичная пряжа @bulk stretch yarn объёмная эластичная пряжа @bulked yarn @bulky yarn 1. высокообъёмная синтетическая пряжа; 2. пушистая пряжа @bump yarn угарная пряжа низкого номера @bump fancy yarn фасонная шишковидная пряжа @bundle yarn льняная пряжа в мотках @burmilized yarn высокообъёмная эластичная синтетическая пряжа @button yarn фасонная узелковая пряжа @cable yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа кордного кручения || pl каболка @cabled yarn многокруточная пряжа @cable-laid yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа кордного кручения || pl каболка @camel-hair yarn пряжа из верблюжьей шерсти @camlet yarn камлотовая пряжа @cap-spun yarn пряжа, спряденная на колпачной прядильной машине @cap-twisted yarn пряжа, скрученная на колпачной крутильной машине @carded yarn кардная пряжа, пряжа кардного прочёса @carded cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная кардная пряжа @carded knitting yarn трикотажная кардная пряжа @carded ply yarn кручёная кардная пряжа @carded wool yarn шерстяная аппаратная пряжа @carded worsted yarn шерстяная полугребенная пряжа @carpet yarn ковровая пряжа @carpet filling yarn ковровая уточная пряжа @Cashmere yarn пряжа из кашмирской шерсти @Cashmere hosiery yarn чулочно-трикотажная пряжа из кашмирской шерсти @cellucord yarn фирм. "целлукорд" (пластифицированная пряжа) @cellulose yarn целлюлозная пряжа @cellulose acetate filament yarn ацетатный шёлк @chafed yarn пряжа пониженной прочности вследствие истирания в процессе переработки @chain yarn 1. основная пряжа; 2. коренная основная пряжа; 3. пряжа фасонной крутки @chenille yarn 1. шенильная пряжа; синелька; 2. шерстяная гребенная трикотажная пряжа "букле" @cheviot woolen yarn шевиотовая пряжа; аппаратная пряжа из кроссбредной и полугрубой шерсти @China grass yarn пряжа из волокна рами @chlorinated yarn хлорированная шерстяная пряжа @cloud yarn двухцветная пряжа в два сложения фасонной крутки @coarse yarn 1. пряжа низкого номера; 2. толстая нить @coated yarn нить, покрытая латексом @cockled yarn пряжа с сукрутинами (порок); пряжа с краксами (порок) @cocoa-nut fiber yarn пряжа из волокна кокосового ореха @coir yarn пряжа из волокна кокосового ореха @color-blend yarn меланжевая пряжа @colored yarn крашеная пряжа; цветная пряжа @colored mixture yarn меланжевая цветная пряжа @colored spun yarn штапельная пряжа из крашеного волокна @colored twist yarn кручёная цветная пряжа @combed yarn гребенная пряжа, пряжа гребенного прочёса @combed cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная гребенная пряжа @combed hosiery yarn трикотажная гребенная пряжа @combed ply yarn кручёная гребенная пряжа @combination yarn комбинированная пряжа (из нитей разного качества) @commercial yarn рыночная пряжа @composite yarn 1. пряжа из неоднородного волокна; 2. смешанная пряжа @compound yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. фасонная пряжа @condensed yarn аппаратная пряжа, пряжа аппаратного прядения; угарная пряжа, пряжа угарного прядения @condenser yarn угарная пряжа @condenser cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @conditioned yarn кондиционированная пряжа @continuous filament yarn 1. пряжа из элементарных волокон; 2. филаментарная пряжа @continuously spun yarn 1. пряжа непрерывного процесса химического прядения и отделки; 2. пряжа из химического волокна поточного производства (от раствора до пряжи) @cop yarn пряжа на початках @cop-and-cop yarn кручёная пряжа из двух нитей разного качества, комбинированная кручёная пряжа @cop-dyed yarn пряжа, окрашенная на початках @coral yarn перчаточная двухниточная пряжа "корал" (высокой крутки) @cordon yarn 1. трикотажная пряжа "кордон" (из хлопка и аппаратной или угарной шерсти); 2. полушерстяная кручёная пряжа "двунитка" (из хлопчатобумажной и шерстяной пряжи) @cordonnet yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа "кордонэ" (для трикотажа и вышивания); 2. хлопчатобумажная гребенная кручёная пряжа низкого номера @core yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить (из жилки и шёлковой обмотки); 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью @corkscrew yarn 1. штопорная пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная штопорная пряжа @corkscrewed yarn перекрученная пряжа (порок) @cotton yarn хлопчатобумажная пряжа @cotton shoddy yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @cotton waste yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная пряжа @covered yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить; 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью @creamed yarn варёная и частично отбелённая пряжа @crepe yarn креповая пряжа, пряжа креповой крутки @crepe silk yarn 1. креповая шёлковая пряжа, креп; 2. кручёный шёлк высокой крутки @crewel yarn вязальная пряжа из кроссбредной шерсти @crimp yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа; извитая пряжа @crimped yarn извитая пряжа @crinkled yarn извитая пряжа @crinkled nylon yarn извитая найлоновая пряжа @crochet yarn 1. вязальная пряжа; 2. кышивальная нитка @cross-blended yarn пряжа из смешанного волокна @cross-bred yarn пряжа из кроссбредной шерсти @cross-reeled yarn пряжа на паковках крестовой мотки @crystal yarn пряжа "кристалл" (из блестящего ацетатного волокна) @C. S. yarn фирм. нить "С. S." (вискозная филаментарная) @cuprammonium yarn медно-аммиачный шёлк @cuprammonium filament yarn медно-аммиачный шёлк @curl yarn @curled yarn 1. фасонная петлистая пряжа; 2. пряжа с сукрутинами (порок) @cut yarn пряжа с пересечками, пряжа с толстыми и тонкими пропусками, переслежистая пряжа (порок) @cut-rubber yarn резиновая жилка (из листовой резины) @degummed silk yarn обесклеенная шёлковая пряжа @delicate yarn 1. тонкая пряжа; 2. пряжа невысокой прочности @demi-dry flax yarn льняная пряжа полусухого прядения @demi-lustre worsted yarn пряжа из полублестящей или полуглянцевой гребенной шерсти @diamond yarn пряжа фасонной ромбоидальной крутки @direct-spun yarn штапельная пряжа однопроцессного прядения из жгута @dirty yarn 1. загрязнённая или замасленная пряжа; 2. хлопчатобумажная пряжа, засорённая галочками @discontinuous filament yarn штапельная пряжа @double-colored twist yarn пряжа "мулине" @doubled yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. трощёная пряжа @double-spun yarn пряжа двойного кручения @double-throw yarn кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @drawn yarn синтетическая пряжа, подвергнутая вытягиванию @dry-doubled yarn пряжа сухого кручения @dry-spun yarn пряжа сухого прядения @dull yarn матированная пряжа @dyed yarn 1. крашеная пряжа; 2. меланжевая пряжа @effect yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @Egyptian cotton yarn пряжа из тонковолокнистого хлопка египетских семян @eider yarn трикотажная пряжа из тонкой мериносовой шерсти @elastic yarn 1. эластичная нить; 2. резиновая жилка, обмотанная пряжей @electrical yarn электроизоляционная пряжа @embroidery yarn вышивальная пряжа; вышивальная нитка @even yarn равномерная пряжа @evenly spun yarn равномерная пряжа @extract wool yarn шерстяная пряжа "экстракт" (из регенерированной или искусственной шерсти) @face yarn лицевая пряжа @factory yarn аппаратная пряжа низкого номера @fancy yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @fancy-doubled yarn пряжа фасонной крутки @fast-dyed yarn прочно окрашенная пряжа @fiber mixture yarn 1. меланжированная пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @fiber-bonded yarn 1. пряжа из проклеенного волокна; 2. проклеенная пряжа @filament yarn 1. пряжа из элементарного волокна; 2. филаментарная нить @filament acetate yarn ацетатный шёлк @filament rayon yarn искусственный шёлк; вискозный шёлк; медно-аммиачный шёлк @filling yarn уточная пряжа; уточная нить, уточина @fine yarn пряжа высокого номера; тонкая нить @fine-worsted yarn гребенная пряжа из мериносовой шерсти среднего качества @fingering yarn пряжа для ручного вязания @fish-net yarn пряжа для рыболовных сетей сетевязальная нитка @flake yarn фасонная хлопьевидная двухниточная пряжа (с отрезками ленты) @flake fancy yarn фасонная хлопьевидная двухниточная пряжа (с отрезками ленты) @flame yarn 1. палёная пряжа; 2. двухцветная пряжа; разноцветная пряжа @flannelette yarn пряжа для фланелета, пряжа для тонкой фланели @flat yarn малокручёная нить; пряжа низкой крутки @flat crepe yarn малокручёная креповая пряжа @flax yarn льняная пряжа @flax-fine yarn пряжа льняной системы прядения @fleecy yarn подкладная нить @floret yarn полушёлковая кручёная нить (из шёлковой флоретной и хлопчатобумажной пряжи) @floss-silk yarn 1. шёлковые отходы (из дефектных коконов); 2. вышивальный шёлк @fluffy yarn 1. ворсистая пряжа; 2. пушистая пряжа @flyer-spun worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа с рогульчатой прядильной машины @foggy yarn загрязнённая пряжа @folded yarn кручёная пряжа @four-fold yarn пряжа в четыре сложения, четырёхниточная пряжа @French-spun yarn камвольная пряжа французской системы прядения, тонкогребенная шерстяная пряжа @frieze yarn 1. фасонная ратиновая пряжа; 2. фасонная ковровая пряжа @frill yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа @frosted yarn крашеная пряжа с меланжевым эффектом (из смеси хлопка и ацетатного штапельного волокна) @frotte yarn 1. пряжа "фротте"; 2. пряжа для махровой ткани @full-white yarn пряжа полной отбелки @fur-blend yarn пряжа с примесью меха @furnishing yarn пряжа для мебельной и декоративной ткани @galette yarn шёлковая пряжа из дефектных коконов @gassed yarn палёная пряжа @gelatin yarn желатиновая нить @genapped yarn камвольная кручёная палёная пряжа @gimp yarn 1. фасонная штопорная пряжа; 2. позументная нить @glace yarn лощёная пряжа "глясе" @glazed yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нить @gorilla yarn фасонная пряжа с толстыми шишками @grandrelle yarn кручёная двухцветная пряжа "грандрель" @green yarn 1. пряжа из нечёсаного джута; 2. небелёная льняная пряжа @grege yarn смешанная пряжа из шёлка и шерсти @greige yarn суровая пряжа @grenadine yarn шёлковая кручёная основная пряжа "гренадин" @gray yarn суровая пряжа @griseille yarn угарная полушерстяная пряжа "гризель" @ground yarn грунтовая основная пряжа @guanaco yarn пряжа из шерсти "гуанако" @gummed yarn шлихтованная пряжа @hackled jute yarn джутовая чёсаная пряжа @hairy yarn 1. ворсистая пряжа; 2. нить шёлка-сырца с усами (порок) @half-blood wool yarn кроссбредная шерстяная пряжа @half-dry spun flax yarn льняная пряжа полусухого прядения @half-white yarn полубелёная пряжа @half-wool yarn полушерстяная пряжа @half-worsted yarn шерстяная пряжа полугребенного прочёса @hand-spun yarn пряжа ручного прядения @hank yarn пряжа в мотках @hard-twisted yarn пряжа высокой крутки @harvest yarn сноповязальный шпагат @heald yarn ремизная нить (для галев) @heart yarn 1. стержневая нить пряжи; 2. жилка; 3. сердечник каната @heather yarn 1. пряжа из разноцветных нитей; 2. меланжевая пряжа @heavy yarn пряжа низкого номера @heavy filling yarn утолщённая уточная нить || pl поперечная полосатость (вследствие неравномерного утка) @Helanka yarn фирм. "хеланка" (найлоновая извитая нить) @hemp yarn пеньковая пряжа @hessian yarn джутовая пряжа @hibulk acrylic yarn высокообъёмная полиакрилонитрильная пряжа @high-bulk yarn высокообъёмная пряжа @high-tenacity yarn пряжа особо высокой прочности (для автомобильных покрышек и технотканых изделий) @hollow filament yarn пустотелая филаментарная нить @home-spun yarn кустарная пряжа @horsehair yarn пряжа из конского волоса @hosiery yarn трикотажная пряжа; чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @immune yarn нейтральная, пряжа (не накрашивающаяся обычными для данного волокна красителями) @ingrain yarn меланжевая трикотажная пряжа @iron yarn пряжа с жёсткой глянцевой отделкой (для шляп и подкладочного материала) @irregular yarn неравномерная пряжа @jumbo yarn хлопчатобумажная угарная уточная пряжа @jute yarn джутовая пряжа @jute tow yarn очёсковая джутовая пряжа @kink yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа @kinky yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа @Knickerbocker's yarn фасонная пряжа с разноцветными узелками из набивной шерстяной ленты @knitting yarn трикотажная пряжа; чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @knop yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @knoted yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @knotless yarn пряжа без узелков (со склеенными концами) @knotty yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @lace yarn кручёная пряжа для кружевных и гардинно-тюлевых изделий @lamb's-wool yarn аппаратная трикотажная пряжа из поярковой шерсти @laminette yarn мишурная нить, канитель @Lancashire-spun union yarn полушерстяная пряжа хлопчатобумажной системы прядения @large-loop textured yarn структурная или фасонная пряжа с длинными завитками @lea yarn 1. льняная пряжа высокого номера; 2. пряжа в пасмах @leading yarn 1. грунтовая основная пряжа; 2. ведущая нить (приводящая в движение отделочный барабан прядильного комбайна) @lean yarn пряжа с тонкими пропусками (порок) @lea-reeled yarn пряжа в пасмах @left-hand twisted yarn пряжа левой крутки S @line yarn тонкая прочная нить @linen yarn льняная пряжа (высокого номера) @lisle yarn фильдекосовая или фильдеперсовая пряжа @list yarns кромочные нити @lively yarn 1. пряжа нефиксированной или нестабилизированной крутки; 2. завивающаяся (при смачивании) креповая пряжа @llama yarn пряжа из шерсти ламы @loaded silk yarn привесной или утяжелённый шёлк @lock yarn пряжа "букле" @lofty yarn упругая высококачественная пряжа @loop yarn 1. фасонная петлистая пряжа; 2. пряжа "букле"; 3. пряжа с сукрутинами (порок) @loosely spun yarn слабая пряжа; рыхлая пряжа @loosely twisted yarn пряжа низкой крутки @lustre yarn блестящая пряжа; глянцевая пряжа; лощёная нитка @lustre woolen yarn аппаратная блестящая пряжа @lustre worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная блестящая пряжа @lustred yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нитка @machine-spun yarn пряжа механического прядения @manifold yarn 1. трощёная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @man-made yarn пряжа из искусственного волокна @marl yarn пряжа из двухцветной ровницы (контрастных цветов) @mass-pigmented yarn нить из окрашенной прядильной массы @medium yarn пряжа среднего номера @medium warp yarn хлопчатобумажная основная пряжа "медио" @melange yarn меланжевая пряжа @mending yarn штопальная нитка, нитка-штопка @mercerized yarn мерсеризованная пряжа @merino yarn 1. пряжа из мериносовой шерсти; 2. полушерстяная пряжа @merino hosiery yarn полушерстяная чулочно-трикотажная пряжа @metal-coated yarn пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metallic yarn 1. металлическая нить; 2. пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metallic asbestos yarn асбестовая пряжа с металлической стержневой нитью, асбестовая армированная пряжа @metallized yarn пряжа с металлическим покрытием, металлизованная пряжа @metlon yarn фирм. "метлон" (декоративная алюминиевая нить с прозрачной плёнкой) @metlon-mylar yarn фирм. "метлон-милар" (декоративная алюминиевая нить с полиэфирной плёнкой) @mill-spun yarn пряжа механического прядения @mingled yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixed yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture-colored yarn 1. меланжевая пряжа; 2. пряжа из смешанного волокна @mixture-worsted yarn камвольная пряжа из смешанного волокна @mock-twist yarn пряжа ложной крутки @mock-voile yarn однониточная вуалевая пряжа @mock-worsted yarn шерстяная полугребенная пряжа @mohair yarn пряжа из ангорской шерсти @monofilament yarn 1. моноволокно; 2. одноволоконная нить @moquette yarn пряжа "мокет" @moss yarn шерстяная ворсистая вышивальная пряжа @motor tire yarn пряжа для автомобильных покрышек @mottle yarn крапчатая кручёная пряжа (из двух нитей контрастных цветов) @mouline yarn пряжа "мулине" @mule-spun yarn пряжа с прядильной машины периодического действия, мюльная пряжа @multifilament yarn многоволоконная пряжа @multifilament rayon yarn многоволоконный искусственный шёлк @multi folded yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @multiple yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @multiple ply yarn 1. многокруточная пряжа; 2. пряжа в несколько сложений @mungo yarn пряжа "мунго" (из регенерированной шерсти) @muslin yarn хлопчатобумажная муслиновая пряжа (среднего и высокого номера) @nascent yarn свежеспряденная нить (химического прядения) @natural gray yarn 1. шерстяная суровая пряжа (некрашеная); 2. шерстяная пряжа природной окраски (чёрная, коричневая, серая) @netting yarn сетевязальная нитка @nicked yarn пряжа с пересечками (порок) @nop yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @no-throw silk yarn шёлковая отлогая пряжа @no-twist yarn некручёная пряжа @novelty yarn 1. пряжа фасонной крутки; 2. фасонная или декоративная нить @nub yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @nubby yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @nylon yarn найлоновая пряжа; найлоновая нить @off-shade yarn разнооттеночная пряжа (порок вследствие грязной шлихты или плохой смески хлопка) @oiled yarn замасленная пряжа @oil-spun worsted yarn пряжа из замасленной гребенной ленты @onde yarn волнистая или извитая пряжа @one-ply yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @one-throw yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @open-band yarn пряжа правой крутки Z @ordinary yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @ordinary warp yarn одиночная или однониточная основная пряжа @overgassed yarn перепалённая пряжа @overspun yarn пряжа завышенного номера (не соответствующего качеству волокна) @paper yarn 1. бумажная пряжа; 2. бумажный шпагат @phosphorescent yarn флуоресцирующая пряжа; флуоресцирующая нить @picot yarn фасонная петлистая пряжа "пико" (из тонкой и толстой нитей) @pigmented yarn 1. пигментированная пряжа; 2. матовая пряжа @pile yarn ворсовая пряжа @pinched yarn пряжа с тонкими пропусками (порок) @plain yarn пряжа обычной крутки @plain asbestos yarn простая (не армированная) асбестовая нить @plastic-coated yarn нить с пластмассовым покрытием @plated yarn 1. обмотанная или оплетённая нить; 2. пряжа со стержневой нитью; 3. шлихтованная пряжа @plied yarn кручёная пряжа @plied crepe yarn креповая пряжа в два и более сложений @ply yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. трощёная пряжа @ply novelty yarn пряжа фасонной крутки @polished yarn лощёная пряжа; лощёная нитка @porter yarn кручёная основная джутовая пряжа @pot-spun yarn 1. пряжа центрифугального прядения; 2. искусственный шёлк центрифугального прядения @preparation yarn пряжа угарного прядения @print-cloth yarn пряжа для набивной ткани @printed yarn набивная пряжа @pulp yarn 1. бумажная пряжа; 2. бумажный шпагат @rabbit's hair yarn пряжа из кроличьей шерсти; пряжа из кроличьего пуха @rainbow yarn пряжа "шанжан" @ramie yarn пряжа из волокна рами @random yarn фасонная пряжа с неравномерной оплёткой @random-loops yarn структурная пряжа с беспорядочно расположенными завитками @ratine yarn ратиновая фасонная пряжа @raw yarn суровая пряжа; необработанная пряжа @rayon yarn 1. пряжа из искусственного волокна; 2. искусственный шёлк @rayon-spun yarn пряжа из штапельного волокна @reamy yarn комбинированная фасонная нить (из кручёной пряжи) @reaper yarn сноповязальный шпагат @reavy yarn комбинированная фасонная нить (из кручёной пряжи) @reeled yarn пряжа в мотках @regular yarn равномерная пряжа @reinforced asbestos yarn усиленная асбестовая пряжа (со стержневой нитью); армированная асбестовая пряжа @Reynolds aluminium yarn фирм. "рейнолдс" (алюминиевая декоративная нить с прозрачной плёнкой) @remanufactured yarn пряжа из вторичного или регенерированного сырья @resist-dyed yarn пряжа с резервной расцветкой @ribbon yarn плоская или ленточная пряжа; профилированная нить @right-hand twisted yarn пряжа правой крутки Z @ring-spun yarn пряжа с кольцепрядильной машины @rogue yarn меточная цветная пряжа @rope yarns канатная пряжа, каболка @rubber yarn резиновая нить; жилка @rubber-core yarn 1. резиновая нить; жилка; 2. пряжа с оплетённой жилкой @Saxony woolen yarn 1. саксонская шерстяная гребенная пряжа; 2. аппаратная пряжа из тонкой мериносовой шерсти @schappe-silk yarn пряжа из шёлковых отходов @scrooping yarn скрипящая или хрустящая пряжа @seed yarn фасонная пряжа с непсом ярких цветов @self-blended yarn пряжа из однородной смески @selvage yarn кромочная пряжа || pl кромочные нити @semi-combed yarn полугребенная пряжа @semi-worsted yarn полугребенная шерстяная пряжа @serge yarn саржевая пряжа (из тонкой кроссбредной шерсти) @serge worsted yarn саржевая камвольная пряжа (из тонкой кроссбредной шерсти) @Shetland yarn шетландская меланжевая пряжа @shoddy yarn пряжа из искусственной или регенерированной шерсти @shoddy-mixture yarn 1. шерстяная угарная пряжа; 2. шерстяная пряжа с примесью искусственной или регенерированной шерсти @short-loop textured yarn структурная или фасонная пряжа с короткими завитками @shot yarn мешочная уточная пряжа @silk yarn 1. кручёный шёлк; 2. пряжа из шёлковых отходов @silk-noil yarn буретная шёлковая пряжа (из очёсков) @single yarn одиночная или однониточная пряжа @single-spun егере yarn одиночная пряжа креповой крутки @sized yarn шлихтованная пряжа @sized silk yarn 1. номерной шёлк-сырец; 2. шёлк определённого номера @skein yarn пряжа в пасмах @slack yarn слабина нити (порок) @slub yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @stubbing yarn 1. шишковидная или узелковая пряжа (порок); 2. фасонная узелковая пряжа @slubbing-dyed yarn пряжа, крашенная в ровнице @smooth yarn 1. гладкая пряжа; 2. лощёная нитка @snarl yarn 1. фасонная узелковая пряжа; 2. нить с сукрутинами (порок) @soft yarn 1. пряжа отлогой крутки; рыхлая пряжа; 2. непрокрученная пряжа @soft spun yarn пряжа отлогой крутки @soft twist yarn пряжа отлогой крутки @solid-color yarn 1. одноцветная пряжа; 2. прочноокрашенная пряжа @soluble yarn 1. растворимая пряжа; 2. альгинатная пряжа @sooty yarn пряжа, загрязнённая сажей (дефект опаливания) @speck yarn фасонная пряжа с разноцветными крапинами (из набивной ленты) @spindle-drawn yarn пряжа с машины периодического действия, мюльная пряжа @spindle-point yarn пряжа с веретена @spiral yarn фасонная штопорная пряжа @spiraled yarn 1. синтетическая пряжа из извитых элементарных волокон; 2. фасонная штопорная пряжа @splicing yarn усилительная нить @split yarn оборванная нить в кручёной пряже @spot yarn пряжа фасонной крутки с крапинами @spring yarn эластичная пряжа из извитых элементарных волокон @spun yarn штапельная пряжа @spun estron yarn фирм. штапельная ацетатная пряжа "эстрон" @spun nylon yarn штапельная найлоновая пряжа @spun rayon yarn штапельная вискозная пряжа @spun-down yarn пряжа заниженного номера (не соответствующего качеству волокна) @spun-dyed yarn 1. пряжа из окрашенной массы; 2. синтетическая пряжа из окрашенного расплава @spunized yarn 1. объёмная филаментарная пряжа; 2. нить с термофиксированной извитостью @stocking yarn чулочная пряжа @straight reeled yarn пряжа на паковках параллельной намотки @strained yarn нить с перетяжками (порок) @streaky yarn полосатая пряжа (дефект опаливания) @stretch yarn 1. вытянутая пряжа; 2. эластичная пряжа; 3. термопластичная модифицированная эластичная пряжа @stretched yarn 1. пряжа с пересечками (порок); 2. вытянутая синтетическая пряжа @strip yarn фасонная полосатая нить (из разноцветной пряжи) @striped yarn полосатая пряжа (дефект опаливания) @stuffer-box crimped yarn извитая пряжа с несимметричной извитостью @stumba yarn фирм. "стумба" (шёлковая пряжа низкого номера из оческов) @super combed yarn гребенная пряжа высокого качества @super tire yarn высокопрочная кордная пряжа @supported yarn 1. кручёная пряжа с усилительной нитью; 2. армированная пряжа @synthetic yarn синтетическая пряжа @tambour-work yarn вышивальная пряжа; вышивальная нитка @tapestry yarn гобеленная пряжа @taslan textured yarn фирм. структурная высокообъёмная филаментарная пряжа "таслан" @tek-ja yarn фирм. "текджа" (пряжа из вытянутой и проклеенной хлопковой ленты) @textiline yarn текстилин, бумажная пряжа @textilose yarn текстилоза, бумажная пряжа @textralized yarn высокообъёмная синтетическая пряжа в несколько сложений @textured yarn структурная высокообъёмная пряжа @thick-and-thin yarn 1. фасонная пряжа с периодически повторяющимися утолщениями и утонениями; 2. переслежистая пряжа (порок) @tightly-twisted yarn пряжа высокой крутки @tinsel yarn мишурная декоративная пряжа, канитель @tinted yarn подкрашенная пряжа @top-heald yarn верхняя часть нитяного галева @torque yarn 1. кручёная пряжа; 2. пряжа фасонной крутки @tow yarn очёсковая пряжа @trailing yarn ведомая нить (наматываемая на отделочный барабан прядильного комбайна) @triacetate yarn триацетатная нить @tricot yarn трикотажная пряжа @trimmings yarn 1. позументная пряжа; 2. декоративная нить @truffle yarn 1. пряжа фасонной спиральной крутки; 2. позументная нить @tufted yarn 1. фасонная узелковая пряжа; 2. ворсовая пряжа; 3. пряжа с крупными узлами (порок) @tuft-forming yarn ворсовая пряжа; ворсовая нить @twin-ended yarn кручёная пряжа в два сложения; кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @twist yarn кручёная пряжа @twist crimped yarn 1. кручёная извитая пряжа; 2. нить с термофиксированной извитостью @twistless spiraled yarn некручёная извитая пряжа @twitty yarn переслежистая пряжа (порок) @two-fold mixture yarn кручёная меланжевая пряжа в два сложения @two-ply yarn кручёная пряжа в два сложения; кручёная пряжа "двунитка" @tycora yarn фирм. "тайкора" (филаментарная, синтетическая пряжа) @tire-cord yarn пряжа для шинного корда, кордная пряжа @unbleached yarn небелёная пряжа, суровая пряжа @under-conditioned yarn недоувлажнённая пряжа @uneven yarn 1. неравномерная пряжа; 2. переслежистая пряжа (порок) @uniformly spun yarn равномерная пряжа @union yarn 1. смешанная пряжа (из смески разного волокна); 2. полушерстяная пряжа @union twist yarn смешанная кручёная пряжа @unsecured yarn суровая пряжа; непромытая пряжа @unsupported yarn пряжа без усилительной или стержневой нити; неармированная пряжа @unthrown yarn некручёная пряжа @untwisted yarn некручёная пряжа @vicuna yarn пряжа "викуна" (из шерсти ламы-вигони) @vigogne yarn 1. вигоневая пряжа; полушерстяная угарная пряжа; 2. пряжа из шерсти ламы-вигони @vigoureux yarn гребенная пряжа "вигуре" (из набивной ленты) @viscose filament yarn вискозный шёлк @voile yarn пряжа вуалевой крутки @warp yarn основная пряжа @waste yarn угарная пряжа, пряжа угарного прядения; вигоневая пряжа, пряжа вигоневого прядения @water twist yarn хлопчатобумажная основная пряжа с кольцепрядильной машины ватерная основная пряжа @weaving yarn пряжа для ткачества @weft yarn уточная пряжа @weft filling yarn уточная ковровая пряжа @wet-doubled yarn пряжа мокрого кручения @wet-spun yarn пряжа мокрого прядения @wheeling yarn вязальная пряжа в несколько сложений из аппаратной пряжи @wire-inserted yarn нить с проволочной сердцевиной; армированная нить @wire-twisted yarn нить, скрученная с тонкой проволокой, армированная нить @wool yarn шерстяная пряжа @woolen yarn аппаратная пряжа @woolen-spun yarn аппаратная пряжа @worsted yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа; камвольная пряжа @worsted hosiery yarn шерстяная гребенная трикотажная пряжа @worsted weaving yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа; камвольная пряжа @xyloline yarn ксилолин, бумажная пряжа @zephyr yarn шерстяная гребенная пряжа "зефир" (низкой крутки) @zipknit yarn фасонная нить, получаемая при роспуске трикотажного полотна @ -
15 extension
1) надставка; насадка2) удлинитель3) выступающая часть, консольная часть4) пристройка5) продление; продолжение6) простирание; протяжённость; распространение7) растяжение; распрямление8) сварка установочная длина9) геод. сгущение сети опорных точек10) расширение; удлинение; добавление; увеличение11) экстенсия, разгибание•extension in space — матем. протяжённость в пространстве
extension by definition — матем. расширение с помощью определений
extension by adjunction — матем. расширение путём присоединения
-
16 score
1. n счёт; долг, задолженностьto tie the score — сыграть вничью; сравнять счёт
2. n счётыto pay off old scores — свести счёты, отплатить за старые обиды
to bring the score to … — довести счёт до …
3. n спорт. счёт; количество набранных очков4. n разг. реальное положение вещей, истинные факты; точная информацияto know the score — знать истинное положение; знать что к чему
5. n амер. оценка, отметка6. n причина, основаниеon what score? — по какой причине?, в какой связи?
7. n два десятка8. n обыкн. множествоscores of times — много раз, часто
9. n двадцать или двадцать один фунт10. n компонент сложных слов со значением двадцатьfivescore — сто, сотня
11. n разг. удачная реплика, острота12. n разг. удача; победа; удачный ход, шаг13. n глубокий след, рубец14. n тех. зарубка; задир; метка15. n муз. партитура16. n музыка к кинофильму17. n музыка к спектаклюa score tailor-made for radio — музыка, написанная по заказу для радио
18. n линия, черта, границаto fold score — тара — тиснить линию сгиба
19. n линия стартаto tear score — тара — надрезать линию сгиба
20. v выигрывать, получать преимущество; получать, набирать очкиscore an advance — повыситься в цене; получить преимущество
21. v забить мяч в ворота; забросить мяч в корзину; забросить шайбу22. v подсчитывать очки, вести счёт23. v вести счёт уколов и ударов24. v засчитываться, считаться в очкахto turn in a good score — успешно выступить, набрать много очков
25. v одержать победу; добиться успехаto score with a woman — добиться успеха у женщины, овладеть женщиной
to score a success — добиться успеха; выиграть
26. v делать зарубки, пометы; отмечать, оставлять глубокие царапины, следыa mountain side scored by torrents — склон горы, изрезанный стремительными потоками
run up a score — делать долги; влезать в долги
27. v проводить линию, черту28. v кул. делать насечки29. v амер. ставить отметки, оценки; оценивать30. v амер. разг. бранить, резко критиковать; намылить голову31. v муз. оркестровать; аранжировать, перелагатьhe scored one quintet for two violas and another for two trombones — он переложил один квинтет для двух альтов, а другой для двух виолончелей
Синонимический ряд:1. bill (noun) account; bill; invoice; reckoning; statement; tab2. groove (noun) groove; nick; notch; scotch; scratch; slash3. mark (noun) line; mark; stroke4. music (noun) arrangement; composition; music; orchestration; transcript5. purpose (noun) consideration; ground; motive; purpose; reason6. tally (noun) average; count; grade; number; rate; record; sum; tally; total7. compose (verb) adapt; arrange; compose; orchestrate8. copulate (verb) copulate; fornicate9. count (verb) add; calculate; count; enumerate; reckon; record; tabulate; total10. gain (verb) accomplish; achieve; attain; gain; rack up; reach; realise; realize; register; win11. lambaste (verb) blister; castigate; drub; excoriate; flay; lambaste; lash; lash into; roast; scarify; scathe; scorch; scourge; slam; slap; slash12. mark (verb) cut; deface; grade; maim; mar; mark; mill; nick; scratch13. obtain (verb) get; obtain; procure; purchase14. post (verb) notch; post; tally15. succeed (verb) arrive; flourish; go; make out; prosper; succeed; thrive -
17 Lawns
Very fine plain cloths. The original lawn was a fine linen cloth used for dress purposes, but is now known as " linen lawn " (see Boiled Linen Lawn). Indian Lawn is from 30-in. to 36-in. wide, 24 yards long, 72 ends and 64 picks per inch, calendered and made up book fold, or if 40-in. wide in long fold; the yarns are about 50/60's to 60/80's, both American and Egyptian. Victoria Lawn is a stiff-finished lawn, 24/26-in. wide, 92 ends and 92 picks per inch, and similar yarns to Indian lawns. Persian Lawns, 32-in., 24 yard, 100 ends and 100 picks per inch, 60's T., 80's W., and finer, Egyptian yarns, soft finish. Bishops' Lawn - A bleached and finished cloth with a blue tint, similar quality to Victoria lawn. Boiled Linen Lawns - Fine set dress fabric, made from all flax yarns such as 72 ends and 90 picks per inch, 60's/80's lea. Up to 100's lea warp and 140's lea weft is used. In many widths 32-in. upwards. Sheer Lawns - Linen cloths made from green or natural coloured yarns and piece-bleached. These also vary considerably in qualities and up to 100's lea warp and even 160's lea weft is used. Widths 371/2-in. to about 45-in. Lawn was first known in England in Elizabeth's reign, when it was a linen fabric and used for ruffs, shirts, etc. -
18 flat
I noun II 1. adjective1) flach; eben [Fläche]; platt [Nase, Reifen]spread the blanket flat on the ground — die Decke glatt auf dem Boden ausbreiten
2) (fig.) (monotonous) eintönig; (dull) lahm (ugs.); fade; (stale) schal, abgestanden [Bier, Sekt]; (Electr.) leer [Batterie]3) (downright) glatt (ugs.)[and] that's flat — und damit basta (ugs.)
4) (Mus.) [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt [Note]2. adverb1) (coll.): (completely)flat broke — total pleite
2) (coll.): (exactly)3. nounin two hours flat — in genau zwei Stunden
1) flache Seiteflat of the hand — Handfläche, die
2) (level ground) Ebene, die3) (Mus.) erniedrigter Ton* * *[flæt] 1. adjective2) (dull; without interest: She spent a very flat weekend.) langweilig5) ((of drinks) no longer fizzy: flat lemonade; ( also adverb) My beer has gone flat.) fade6) (slightly lower than a musical note should be: That last note was flat; ( also adverb) The choir went very flat.) zu tief2. adverb(stretched out: She was lying flat on her back.) flach3. noun1) ((American apartment) a set of rooms on one floor, with kitchen and bathroom, in a larger building or block: Do you live in a house or a flat?) die Wohnung3) (a level, even part: the flat of her hand.) die Fläche4) ((usually in plural) an area of flat land, especially beside the sea, a river etc: mud flats.) die Niederung•- academic.ru/27860/flatly">flatly- flatten
- flat rate
- flat out* * *flat1[flæt]I. adj<- tt->1. (not raised, horizontal) inclination flach; (even) floor, ground flach; ground, path, territory eben; face, nose plattpeople used to believe that the earth was \flat früher glaubten die Menschen, die Erde sei eine Scheibe\flat hand flache [o offene] Hand\flat heel/shoe flacher Absatz/Schuhto be [as] \flat as a pancake ground topfeben [o ÖSTERR brettleben] sein; ( fam) woman flach wie ein [Bügel]brett sein fam\flat roof flaches Dach, Flachdach ntto be met with \flat denial [or refusal] auf entschiedene [o fam glatte] Ablehnung stoßen, rundweg abgelehnt werden fam5. ( also fig pej: dull) langweilig, lahm pej fam, öd[e] pej fam; of conversation, writing geistlos, flach pej6. (monotone) voice ohne Modulation nach n, ausdruckslos pej; LIT (lacking delineation) character eindimensional fachspr, einfach gestrickt fam; (lacking depth, contrast) of a photo, picture flach, kontrastarmto go \flat schal werden10. (deflated) platt\flat market flauer [o ruhiger] Markt, lustlose Börse13. MUS (lower in pitch) note [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt; key mit B-Vorzeichen nach n; (below intended pitch) string, voice zu tief [gestimmt]E \flat major Es-Dur\flat charge Pauschale f fachspr\flat price/tariff Einheitspreis/Einheitstarif m fachspr\flat yield Umlaufrendite f15.II. adv<- tt->1. (horizontally) flachto lie \flat on one's back flach [o lang hingestreckt] auf dem Rücken liegen2. (levelly) plattto fold sth \flat napkin, sheet etw zusammenfalten; ironing, napkin, tablecloth etw zusammenlegen; deckchair etw zusammenklappento knock [or lay] sth \flat building, wall etw plattwalzen [o einebnen] [o a. fig dem Erdboden gleichmachenshe told him \flat that she would not go to the show sie sagte ihm klipp und klar, dass sie nicht zu der Show gehen werdeto be \flat against the rules eindeutig gegen die Regeln verstoßen7.▶ to fall \flat (fail) attempt, effort scheitern, danebengehen fam; stage performance durchfallen; joke nicht ankommen famIII. n\flat of the hand Handfläche fhe hit me with the \flat of his hand er schlug mich mit der flachen Handmost of the path is on the \flat der größte Teil des Weges ist eben4. MUS (sign) Erniedrigungszeichen nt fachspr, b nt; (tone) [um einen halben Ton] erniedrigter Ton fachsprflat2[flæt]n BRIT, AUS [Etagen]wohnung f, Mietwohnung fcompany \flat Firmenwohnung f, Dienstwohnung f* * *I [flt]1. adj (+er)1) flach; tyre, nose, feet platt; surface ebenhe stood flat against the wall — er stand platt gegen die Wand gedrückt
as flat as a pancake ( inf, tyre ) — total platt; (countryside) total flach
2) (fig) fade; painting, photo flach, kontrastarm; colour matt, stumpf, glanzlos; joke, remark abgedroschen, öde, müde; trade, market lau, lahm, lustlos; battery leer; (= stale) beer, wine schal, abgestandenshe felt a bit flat — sie fühlte sich ein bisschen daneben (inf), sie hatte zu nichts Lust
to fall flat (joke) — nicht ankommen; (play etc) durchfallen
3) refusal, denial glatt, deutlich2. adv1) turn down, refuse rundweg, kategorischhe told me flat ( out) that... — er sagte mir klipp und klar, dass...
2) (MUS)to sing/play flat — zu tief singen/spielen
3)in ten seconds flat — in sage und schreibe (nur) zehn Sekunden
4)flat broke (inf) — total pleite (inf)
5)to go flat out — voll aufdrehen (inf); (in car also) Spitze fahren (inf)
to be lying flat out — platt am Boden liegen
3. n6) (SPORT)IIn (esp Brit)Wohnung f* * *flat1 [flæt]A s1. Fläche f, Ebene f2. flache Seite:flat of the hand Handfläche f;with the flat of one’s hand mit der flachen Hand3. a) Flachland n, Niederung f4. Untiefe f, Flach n5. MUS B n6. THEAT Kulisse f7. AUTO besonders US Reifenpanne f, Plattfuß m umg9. TECH Flacheisen n11. US breitkrempiger Strohhuta) koll (die) Flachrennen pl,b) die Flachrennsaison14. flacher Korb15. pl flache Schuhe pl, Schuhe mit flachen Absätzen1. flach, eben:flat section → A 3 b;flat shore Flachküste f;a) völlig flach,b) flach wie ein Bügelbrett (Mädchen)2. TECH Flach…:4. (aus-, hin)gestreckt, flach am Boden liegend6. dem Erdboden gleich:lay a city flat eine Stadt dem Erdboden gleichmachen7. flach, offen (Hand)9. stumpf, platt (Nase)10. entschieden, kategorisch, glatt (Ablehnung etc):and that’s flat! und damit basta!11. a) langweilig, fad(e)b) flach, oberflächlich, banal13. WIRTSCH flau, lustlos (Markt etc)14. WIRTSCHa) einheitlich, Einheits…b) Pauschal…:flat fee Pauschalgebühr f;15. MAL, FOTOa) kontrastarmb) matt, glanzlos17. MUSa) erniedrigt (Note)b) mit B-Vorzeichen (Tonart)18. leer (Batterie)C adv1. eben, flach:a) der Länge nach hinfallen,b) fig umg danebengehen, missglücken,c) fig umg durchfallen (Theaterstück etc);fall flat on one’s face fig umg eine Bauchlandung machen, auf den Bauch oder auf die Nase fallen; → back1 A 12. genau:3. eindeutig:a) entschieden:he went flat against the rules er hat eindeutig gegen die Regeln verstoßenb) kategorisch:he told me flat that …4. MUSa) um einen halben Ton niedrigerb) zu tief:5. ohne (Berechnung der aufgelaufenen) Zinsen6. umg völlig:flat broke total pleitemy car does 100 miles flat out mein Auto fährt oder macht 100 Meilen Spitze;work flat out volle Pulle arbeitenD v/t2. MUS US eine Note um einen halben Ton erniedrigenflat2 [flæt]* * *I noun II 1. adjective1) flach; eben [Fläche]; platt [Nase, Reifen]2) (fig.) (monotonous) eintönig; (dull) lahm (ugs.); fade; (stale) schal, abgestanden [Bier, Sekt]; (Electr.) leer [Batterie]fall flat — nicht ankommen (ugs.); seine Wirkung verfehlen
3) (downright) glatt (ugs.)[and] that's flat — und damit basta (ugs.)
4) (Mus.) [um einen Halbton] erniedrigt [Note]2. adverb1) (coll.): (completely)2) (coll.): (exactly)3. noun1) flache Seiteflat of the hand — Handfläche, die
2) (level ground) Ebene, die3) (Mus.) erniedrigter Ton* * *(UK) n.Wohnung -en f. (housing) (UK) n.Appartement n. adj.flach adj.geschmacklos adj. n.Fläche -n f. -
19 square
1. noun1) (Geom.) Quadrat, das2) (object, arrangement) Quadrat, dascarpet square — Teppichfliese, die
3) (on board in game) Feld, dasbe or go back to square one — (fig. coll.) wieder von vorn anfangen müssen
4) (open area) Platz, der5) (scarf) [quadratisches] Tuch2. adjectivesilk square — Seidentuch, das
1) quadratisch2)a square foot/mile/metre — etc. ein Quadratfuß/eine Quadratmeile/ein Quadratmeter usw.
a foot square — ein Fuß im Quadrat
3) (right-angled) rechtwink[e]ligsquare with or to — im rechten Winkel zu
4) (stocky) gedrungen [Statur, Gestalt]5) (in outline) rechteckig; eckig [Schultern, Kinn]6) (quits) quitt (ugs.)3. adverbbe [all] square — [völlig] quitt sein (ugs.); [Spieler:] gleich stehen; [Spiel:] unentschieden stehen
breit [sitzen]4. transitive verbput something square in the middle of something — etwas mitten auf etwas (Akk.) stellen
1) (make right-angled) rechtwinklig machen; vierkantig zuschneiden [Holz]2) (place squarely)square one's shoulders — seine Schultern straffen
3) (divide into squares) in Karos einteilen4) (Math.): (multiply) quadrieren3 squared is 9 — 3 [im] Quadrat ist 9; 3 hoch 2 ist 9
5) (reconcile)square something with something — etwas mit etwas in Einklang bringen
6)5. intransitive verbsquare it with somebody — (coll.): (get somebody's approval) es mit jemandem klären
(be consistent) übereinstimmensomething does not square with something — etwas steht nicht im Einklang mit etwas
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/91998/square_up">square up* * *[skweə] 1. noun1) (a four-sided two-dimensional figure with all sides equal in length and all angles right angles.) das Quadrat2) (something in the shape of this.) das Quadrat3) (an open place in a town, with the buildings round it.) der Platz4) (the resulting number when a number is multiplied by itself: 3 × 3, or 32 = 9, so 9 is the square of 3.) das Quadrat2. adjective1) (having the shape of a square or right angle: I need a square piece of paper; He has a short, square body / a square chin.) quadratisch2) ((of business dealings, scores in games etc) level, even, fairly balanced etc: If I pay you an extra $5 shall we be (all) square?; Their scores are( all) square (= equal).) quitt3) (measuring a particular amount on all four sides: This piece of wood is two metres square.) im Quadrat4) (old-fashioned: square ideas about clothes.) spießig3. adverb1) (at right angles, or in a square shape: The carpet is not cut square with the corner.) rechteckig2) (firmly and directly: She hit him square on the point of the chin.) direkt4. verb1) (to give a square shape to or make square.) quadratisch machen4) (to multiply a number by itself: Two squared is four.) quadrieren•- squared- squarely
- square centimetre
- metre
- square root
- fair and square
- go back to square one
- a square deal* * *[skweəʳ, AM skwer]I. nto cut sth into \squares etw in Quadrate zerschneidento fold sth into a \square etw zu einem Quadrat faltentown \square zentraler Platz7.▶ to be there or be \square (sl) einfach dabei sein müssenII. adjto be [all] \square auf gleich sein famthey're all \square at thirty points each sie liegen mit je dreißig Punkten gleichaufto look \square bescheuert aussehen sl5. (straight) geradeto keep sth \square etw gerade haltenIV. vtto \square one's shoulders die Schultern straffen2. (settle)let's \square our accounts rechnen wir ab3. ECON▪ to \square sth etw glattstellenbook-squaring Glattstellen nt von Positionen4. MATH▪ to \square sth etw ausgleichento \square a match ein Match auf Gleichstand bringen6.V. vi* * *[skwɛə(r)]1. n1) (= shape, Geometry, on graph paper) Quadrat nt2) (piece of material, paper etc) (= perfect square) Quadrat nt; (= rectangle) Viereck nt; (on chessboard etc) Feld nt; (on paper) Kästchen nt, Karo nt; (in crossword) Kästchen nt; (= check on material etc) Karo nt; (= head square) Kopftuch nt6) (MIL: battle formation) Karree nt2. adj (+er)1) (in shape) quadratisch; picture, lawn etc viereckig, quadratisch; nib viereckig; block of wood etc vierkantigto be a square peg in a round hole — am falschen Platz sein
2) (= forming right angle) angle recht; corner rechtwinklig; shoulder eckig; chin, jaw kantig, eckig; build vierschrötigthere wasn't a square inch of space left — es war kein Zentimeter Platz mehr
I'll be square with you — ich will ehrlich or offen mit dir sein
6) (figwe are (all) square (Sport) — wir stehen beide/alle gleich; (fig) jetzt sind wir quitt
he wanted to be square with his creditors —
7) (inf: conventional) überholt, verstaubt; person, ideas spießig (inf)he's square — er ist von (vor)gestern
be there or be square! — das kann man sich nicht entgehen lassen!
3. adv (+er)1) (= at right angles) rechtwinklig2) (= directly) direkt, genauto be square in the middle of sth — mitten in etw (dat) drin sein
3)(= parallel)
to stand square — gerade stehenSee:→ fair4. vt1) (= make square) quadratisch machen; (= make a right angle) rechtwinklig machento square one's shoulders —
to square a block of wood (= cut square) — einen Holzklotz vierkantig zuschneiden
to try to square the circle —
I'll square it with the porter (inf) — ich mache das mit dem Portier ab (inf)
4) (inf: bribe) schmieren (inf)5. viübereinstimmen* * *square [skweə(r)]A s1. MATH Quadrat n (Figur)2. Quadrat n, Viereck n, quadratisches Stück (Glas, Stoff etc), Karo n3. Feld n (eines Brettspiels):4. US Häuserblock m, -viereck n5. (öffentlicher) Platz:6. TECHa) Winkel(maß) m(n), Anschlagwinkel mby the square fig genau, exakt;on the square im rechten Winkel, fig umg ehrlich, anständig, in Ordnung;out of square nicht rechtwink(e)lig, fig nicht in Ordnung;7. MATH Quadrat(zahl) n(f):in the square im Quadrat8. MIL Karree n9. (Wort-, Zahlen) Quadrat n10. ARCH Säulenplatte f11. Buchbinderei: vorspringender Rand12. Drehzapfen m (der Uhr)13. sl Spießer(in)B v/t3. MATHa) den Flächeninhalt berechnen von (oder gen)b) eine Zahl quadrieren, ins Quadrat erheben:three squared drei zum Quadrat5. TECHb) im rechten Winkel anbringen7. die Schultern straffen8. ausgleichena) eine Schuld begleichenb) einen Gläubiger befriedigen11. sla) jemanden schmieren, bestechenC v/isquare up to sb sich vor jemandem aufpflanzen umg;square up to a problem ein Problem angehen oder anpacken2. (with) in Einklang stehen (mit), passen (zu)3. seine Angelegenheiten in Ordnung bringen:D adj (adv squarely)1. MATH quadratisch, Quadrat…:square pyramid quadratische Pyramide;square root (Quadrat)Wurzel f;2. MATH … im Quadrat:3. rechtwink(e)lig, im rechten Winkel (stehend) (to zu)6. breit(schulterig), vierschrötig, stämmig (Person)8. gleichmäßig, gerade, eben (Fläche etc)get things square die Sache in Ordnung bringen10. WIRTSCHa) abgeglichen (Konten)b) quitt:get (all) square with sb mit jemandem quitt werden (a. fig);at half time the teams were (all) square SPORT zur Halbzeit stand das Spiel unentschieden11. umga) reell, anständig12. klar, deutlich (Ablehnung etc):the problem must be faced squarely das Problem muss klar ins Auge gefasst werden13. umg ordentlich, anständig (Mahlzeit etc)14. … zu viert:15. sl altmodisch, spießig:turn square verspießernE adv1. quadratisch, (recht-, vier-)eckig2. umg anständig, ehrlich3. US mitten, direktsq. abk1. sequence3. square* * *1. noun1) (Geom.) Quadrat, das2) (object, arrangement) Quadrat, dascarpet square — Teppichfliese, die
3) (on board in game) Feld, dasbe or go back to square one — (fig. coll.) wieder von vorn anfangen müssen
4) (open area) Platz, der5) (scarf) [quadratisches] Tuch2. adjectivesilk square — Seidentuch, das
1) quadratisch2)a square foot/mile/metre — etc. ein Quadratfuß/eine Quadratmeile/ein Quadratmeter usw.
3) (right-angled) rechtwink[e]ligsquare with or to — im rechten Winkel zu
4) (stocky) gedrungen [Statur, Gestalt]5) (in outline) rechteckig; eckig [Schultern, Kinn]6) (quits) quitt (ugs.)3. adverbbe [all] square — [völlig] quitt sein (ugs.); [Spieler:] gleich stehen; [Spiel:] unentschieden stehen
breit [sitzen]4. transitive verb1) (make right-angled) rechtwinklig machen; vierkantig zuschneiden [Holz]3) (divide into squares) in Karos einteilen4) (Math.): (multiply) quadrieren3 squared is 9 — 3 [im] Quadrat ist 9; 3 hoch 2 ist 9
5) (reconcile)6)5. intransitive verbsquare it with somebody — (coll.): (get somebody's approval) es mit jemandem klären
(be consistent) übereinstimmenPhrasal Verbs:* * *(in a town) n.Platz ¨-e m. adj.quadratisch adj.viereckig adj.vierschrötig adj. n.Karo -s n.Quadrat -e n.Viereck -e n.zweite Potenz f. v.abgleichen v.ausgleichen v. -
20 area
1. площадь; пространство; участок 2. район; область; зона 3. Ech. членик короны 4. Brack. арея 5. Biv. площадка
area of ablation зона (область) абляции
area of accumulation зона (область) аккумуляции
area of artesian flow площадь артезианских вод
area of dissipation зона (область) абляции
area of distribution ареал обитания; площадь распространения
area of efflux площадь истечения
area of faulting область сбросов
area of foundering площадь проплавления
area of groundwater discharge зона разгрузки подземных вод
area of influence площадь (зона) влияния
area of mountain building (of orogeny) область горообразования
area of sedimentation область осадконакопления; область образования осадочных пород
area of seepage площадь выхода источников
area of stream evaporation площадь испарения потока
area of subsidence площадь опускания, площадь оседания, район осадки
area of well infiltration площадь инфильтрации (просачивания) колодца
abyssal area абиссальная (глубинная) область, абиссальная (глубинная) зона
accumulation area зона (область) аккумуляции
aclinal area аклинальная область, район, не имеющий наклона пластов, площадь горизонтального залегания пласто
alimentation area область питания
ambulacral area амбулакральное поле, амбулакр
apical area апикальная арея
arched area антиклинально построенная площадь
artesian area артезианская площадь
basin area 1. площадь бассейна 2. средняя площадь бассейна; средняя площадь всех бассейнов
basined area резервуарный участок
bearing area опорная площадь, площадь соприкосновения
bow area складчатая зона
cardinal area замочная (кардинальная) арея
catchment area 1. водосборная площадь 2. область питания водоносного горизонта
closely drilled area площадь, густо покрытая скважинами
coastal area прибрежная область
collecting area см. catchment area
compression area область сжатия
contact area поверхность соприкосновения, контактовая зона
crystalline core area кристаллический массив
depression area 1. пониженный участок 2. зона погружения
discharge area область разгрузки
discharge area of groundwater площадь выхода грунтовых вод
disposal area область сброса (вод)
domed area куполообразно построенная площадь
dorsal area дорсальная поверхность (у наутилоидей)
drainage area 1. площадь водосбора, дренируемая площадь, бассейн питания 2. площадь, дренируемая скважиной
drainless area бессточная область
driftless area безвалунная область; внеледниковая область
even-crested summit area район равновысоких вершин
exhausted area истощённая площадь
filled area место отвала грунта, место отвала пустой породы
fold area складчатая область
foundering area площадь проплавления
generating area нагон, разгон (система волн, которая создаётся в открытом океане ветром, дующим с постоянной скоростью и постоянным направлением)
geosynclinal area геосинклинальная область
hinge area пал. замочная площадка
horizontally-projected area площадь в горизон тальной проекции
inclosed area включённый участок
infiltration area площадь просачивания
intake area 1. площадь поглощения 2. область питания
interbasin area внутрибассейновая площадь
interlobate area площадь между двумя лопастями (ледника)
intermountain area межгорная впадина
interstream area междуречье
intertrough area площадь между прогибами
lagoon area лагунная область
land area материковая область
littoral area прибрежная (литоральная) область, побережье
map area площадь картирования
meizoseismal area зона землетрясения максимальной разрушительной силы
minor seismic area второстепенная сейсмическая область, зона землетрясения слабой сейсмичности
neritic area неритовая область
oil (oil-bearing, oil-producing) area нефтеносная площадь
outcrop area площадь распространения
outwash area- безвалунная область накопления осадков
overthrust fault area площадь, перекрытая надвигом
palingenetic area палингенетическая область
polar area полярная область
positive area положительный участок суши
potential area разведочная площадь
pressure area площадь сплошного торошения
primitive area первозданная область
producing area промышленная (продуктивная) площадь
proved area разведанная площадь, площадь с доказанным содержанием ископаемого
recharge area область питания
reflection-free areas зоны отсутствия сейсмических отражений на разрезах MOB
salt dome area район соляных куполов
section area площадь сечения
seepage area площадь выхода источников
seepage area of well площадь инфильтрации (просачивания) колодца
seismic area 1. сейсмическая область 2. зона землетрясения
shield area щит
slipping area площадь сползания
source area область питания, источник сноса
spoil area площадь для отвала
stability area область стабильности
supraembryonic area супраэмбриональный участок
surplus area зона (область) аккумуляции
swampy area болотистая (заболоченная) площадь
unproductive area непродуктивная площадь
* * *• арея• регион• членик короны, состоящий из одного или более ряда сходных пластинок
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См. также в других словарях:
Even fold — Бесшлейфная фальцовка … Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии
fold — fold1 foldable, adj. /fohld/, v.t. 1. to bend (cloth, paper, etc.) over upon itself. 2. to bring into a compact form by bending and laying parts together (often fol. by up): to fold up a map; to fold one s legs under oneself. 3. to bring (the… … Universalium
fold — by Simon O Sullivan Although appearing throughout Deleuze s work, the fold is particularly mobilised in the books on Michel Foucault and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. In each case the fold is developed in relation to another s work. We… … The Deleuze dictionary
fold — by Simon O Sullivan Although appearing throughout Deleuze s work, the fold is particularly mobilised in the books on Michel Foucault and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. In each case the fold is developed in relation to another s work. We… … The Deleuze dictionary
Fold (geology) — For other uses, see Fold (disambiguation). Very tight folds. Formation near Moruya, New South Wales, Australia … Wikipedia
fold — [[t]fo͟ʊld[/t]] ♦♦♦ folds, folding, folded 1) VERB If you fold something such as a piece of paper or cloth, you bend it so that one part covers another part, often pressing the edge so that it stays in place. [V n] He folded the paper carefully … English dictionary
fold sth into sth — UK US fold sth into sth Phrasal Verb with fold({{}}/fəʊld/ verb [I] ► to make a smaller business part of a larger one by joining them together: » The company s investment banking arm was folded into a new group earlier this year. ► to make… … Financial and business terms
Singly and doubly even — In mathematics an even integer, that is, a number that is divisible by 2, is called evenly even or doubly even if it is a multiple of 4, and oddly even or singly even if it is not. (The former names are traditional ones, derived from the ancient… … Wikipedia
Foucault + fold — by Tom Conley The most terse and telling formulation of the fold is found in Foldings, or the Inside of Thought (Subjectivation) , the last chapter of Deleuze s Foucault that examines Foucault s three volume study of the history of sexuality … The Deleuze dictionary
Foucault + fold — by Tom Conley The most terse and telling formulation of the fold is found in Foldings, or the Inside of Thought (Subjectivation) , the last chapter of Deleuze s Foucault that examines Foucault s three volume study of the history of sexuality … The Deleuze dictionary
Double Fold — For the term double fold used in paper testing, see Double fold (paper testing) Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper is a non fiction book by Nicholson Baker that was published in April, 2001. An excerpt appeared in the July 24, 2000… … Wikipedia